tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74890278229079974762024-03-08T02:42:47.860-08:00Script writing paperOhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.comBlogger129125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-48527005940591892462020-09-02T11:47:00.001-07:002020-09-02T11:47:06.818-07:00Correlation of the Behavior of Female Waitresses at Sports Bars and theAt the point when we go out to eat or drink at a games bar, we normally locate that a greater part of the servers and barkeeps are females. Why would that be, one may inquire. The most clear explanation is that they attract increasingly male clients to drink lager and eat food. In the event that a male supporter were to stroll into a games bar, he would remain longer and go through more cash since he would will in general look at a server that he thought about alluring. Servers for the most part know this so they will in general uncover themselves more and dress appropriately to draw in more folks and ideally to get bigger tips. One barkeep met for this task, who works at Buffalo Wild Wings, would hop on stepping stools behind the bar, to cause to notice herself. She trusted that her activities would bring about the clients giving her a bigger tip than they would otherswise. In view of the tips got, this technique worked. Seeing this intrigued the essayist to investigate the subject of how servers utilize their physical appearance for a superior tip. With further examination, this was demonstrated valid for pretty much every eatery explored. Servers go well beyond from basically applying cosmetics to changing their hair shading, and changing the manner in which they would serve a normal client to meet their requirements. The clients likewise assume a job in the tip given, which can ordinarily be controlled by the sexual orientation, race, age, and associations with the server. In the event that clients would tip dependent on the administration gave, at that point the female servers wouldnââ¬â¢t need to tease or cause the visitor to feel like that need to tip better. Foundation Review of Literature A considerable lot of the sources address the manner in which the servers change their physical appearances and the results. In any case, some likewise talk about the enthusiastic side of the server or the pr... ... Works Cited Gatta, M. (2009). Cafés servers, tipping, and obstruction. Subjective Research in Accounting and Management, 6(1-2), 70-82. Guã ©guen, N. (2012). Hair shading and wages: Waitresses with fair hair have a fabulous time. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 41(4), 370-372. Guã ©guen, N. (2009). Menstrual cycle stages and female receptivity to a romance requesting: An assessment in a dance club. Advancement and human conduct, 30(5), 351-355. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.004 Jacob, C., Guã ©guen, N., Boulbry, G., and Ardiccioni, R. (2009). Servers' facial beauty care products and tipping: A field analyze. Worldwide Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 188-190. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.04.003 McCall, M., and Lynn, A. (2009). Café servers' impression of client tipping goals. Worldwide Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 188-190. Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-33193785320468272902020-08-22T15:35:00.001-07:002020-08-22T15:35:40.897-07:00Grand Alliance 1945?For what reason did the establishments for question and doubt between the individuals from the Grand Alliance as of now exist by 1945? In 1945 the war had been battled on one side by the countries of Great Britain, USA and USSR, the individuals from the Grand Alliance accomplished triumph in WW2. It was a higher priority than any time in recent memory the successful forces stayed joined as they confronted the colossal assignment of recreating war torn Europe. Be that as it may, as they tried to do this, their solidarity was at that point debilitated by the presence of doubt and doubts between them.Despite the outward appearance of solidarity, these countries were in a general sense separated by their ideological contention which had just existed between them since 1917: the differences and strains they encountered; and their contending points and desire for the fate of post-war Europe on which their social orders were based. The basic battle between the socialist arrangement of USSR and industrialist thoughts of USA and Great Britain ideological competition is clear to be the most critical clarification for the presence of question and doubt between them.Due to the reality, it lies at the premise of the other easygoing elements. The drawn out issues of their ideological competition which was available between the USSR and the West since the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 was a critical contributory factor in the improvement of an unfriendly connection between them. The extraordinary force contention was clear during the long periods of 1917 to 1941; the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 saw the ascent of Lenin which implied an ascent in Communism. It very well may be said the Soviet international strategy was driven by socialist belief system as opposed to national security.This was a danger of an authoritarian state. Philosophy of Marxism was strange to the USA as left wing legislative issues were inconceivable; this was particularly compromising as Marxist belief s ystem saw the demolition of industrialist social orders, for example, the USA. Its libertarian esteems and its assaults on the opportunities held to be so significant in a Liberal Democracy. Truman embraced a grating approach to battle spread of socialism towards the Soviet Union; in 1945 he censured USSRââ¬â¢s outside priest Molotov, over Soviet control of Poland.A more prominent wellspring of dread in the West was the socialist confidence in the inescapable clash among private enterprise and socialism sees. The possibility of socialism prevailing to overall upheaval and this implied the destruction of private enterprise. Moreover, Europe confronted the developing danger from Nazi Germany. In the long stretches of 1939 saw the presentation of a non-hostility settlement among Russia and Germany. Seen by numerous individuals as what gave Hitler the certainty to attack Poland which started WW2.Stalin dreaded Germany would conflict with them in war and were not prepared arms savvy i n the fight to battle against them. It very well may be said Hitler didnââ¬â¢t need to battle war on both East and West fronts, thatââ¬â¢s why he needed to assault Poland, previously accomplishing assuming control over Czechoslovakia. These methodologies were dismissed by the British government whose ideological resistance to Fascist Germany. Their disparities in belief system made British doubts to ascend, as Stalin gave off an impression of being affirmed in August, in the perspective on the British creation the episode of war in Europe inevitable.1941, when the Grand Alliance was shaped, it was out of a shared need to crush a shared adversary (Hitler. ) Not a characteristic partnership of partners yet a coalition of ideological foes. The doubt and question connection between them kept on existing beneath the surface. This assists with clarifying why in spite of the shallow demonstration of solidarity, there were broad dissimilarities and strains in their wartime relationshi p which further served to fuel the inert antagonistic vibe between them. The strands in the Grand Alliance were because of the ideological doubts that emerged between them.The contradictions that they encountered in the years developing to 1945, was because of the reality their key characters and how they managed circumstances. The requirements and weight they were placed in as national pioneers, added to their layer of doubt and doubt between them. In spite of improved relations there were additionally breaks in the Soviet-American Alliance during the long periods of 1942 to 1944. Different sides contended about the opening of a subsequent war front against Germany; as Stalin needed the USA and Great Britain to attack Western Europe so as to diminish pressure on the Red Army in the east.Knowing that Stalin moved toward an alternate part of initiative, with his broken character and dubious nature, he stayed careful about industrialist West power, activities that the USA decide to ta ke just demonstrated his xenophic style of administration to be communicated in his legislature. As ahead of schedule as 1942, Roosevelt vowed to this anyway his following activities added to the doubts. At long last the D Day arrivals didnââ¬â¢t happen until June 1944; meanwhile a large number of Russians had kicked the bucket. The distraction with Stains fixation on Soviet security, USA wasnââ¬â¢t in a situation to acknowledge USSR profound feeling of frailty in 1945.This postpone drove Stalinââ¬â¢s doubts that USA and Britain were trusting that Germany and the USSR would ââ¬Ëkill each other off. ââ¬â¢ This hypothesis was seen by numerous individuals; the revisionist. They affirmed the USAââ¬â¢s strategies of entrepreneur expansionist, for example, not helping USSR, was essentially answerable for the beginning of the Cold War. The war never observed Russia and the USA battle nearby one another. Additionally, Soviet covert agents penetrated the Manhattan Project i n Los Alamos, New Mexico where US researchers were endeavoring to construct the principal nuclear bomb; this soviet activity was on a monstrous scale.The leftover shared doubt and contradiction on explicit issues, (the subsequent front) recommends the different sides had just questioned each other by 1945; because of their phenomenal collaboration. Thinking about all the variables, just whenever you get the chance to get them into a nearby contact thatââ¬â¢s when belief system competition turns into the most huge factor in the establishments for doubt and doubt between the individuals from the Grand Alliance. The strains caused between them in the development by 1945, may have been an extreme trigger to anguish the question and suspicion.Never the less, ideological competition is an impetus as far as in quickening a distinction between them. Along these lines, driving the individuals to have totally extraordinary contending points and aspirations in post-war Europe. Developing pr essures and doubts between the individuals from Grand Alliance which previously existed through their ideological contention and strains directed them to having inverse points and desire in post-war Europe. The truth of Soviet Union and the West having diverse contending points and desire just put the last layer of the question and doubt to turn into a disturbing problem.Despite having won the war together, the USA and USSR confronted the post-war world with a bigger number of contrasts than similitudes. Stalin requests in regards to Germany where that the eventual fate of the Soviet Union was to be made sure about, to forestall repercussions of the impacts of WW2 happen once more, for example, 2,700,000 of its residents being murdered. Additionally, the chance of agreeable governments and he needed to look for retribution as the entire of Russia was crushed; 70,000 towns were pulverized. The odds of USSR accomplishing these points seeing Germany were far-fetched as the West would b e against them.The question and doubts which had just been embedded in the leadersââ¬â¢ minds caused the USA not to contribute, as a result of the danger of effect in ideological contrasts. In any case, they agreed in the standard of separating and possessing Germany among the triumph and have a mutual objective of proceeded with collaboration after war; this could revive the trust between them. In 1944, they had distinctive belief system which depended on their diverse monetary and political thoughts inside their administration. This was apparent in their socialist and industrialist ideas.USA had a fixed thought regarding the state of the world economy after the war. USA had become solid supporters of unhindered commerce, the unlimited trade of products between countries dependent on their entrepreneur thoughts. Singular nations ought to work in Open Door arrangements, having creation and appropriation of merchandise ought to be on obligation of a private area and not the state. In any case, USA points and aspirations for a free market were totally unique to those of USSR government, they saw the inclination of the order economy and state control necessary.The economy of the administration was composed along the socialist budgetary standards, an order economy. Moreover, their points and aspirations likewise varied in political belief system. Where the USA was supportive of (liberal majority rules system) popular government and right, a framework where by the right to speak freely of discourse was clear which shaped the premise of the post-war Europe. These rights were unbelievable in the USSR and were not seen as major or significant; as they were as opposed to the thoughts of USA.The dread of industrialist thoughts spreading towards the East added to the question and doubt of Stalin; as his job was an expansionist socialist. They had confidence in (one-party state) the right to speak freely of discourse and disputes were not endured in any premise, inside a gathering or society on the loose. Alongside that, the ongoing obliterating impacts of WW2 for Russia, Stalin sought after in making a belt of neighborly states on Russiaââ¬â¢s western fringe. USSR had experience doubt and twice in Stalinââ¬â¢s lifetime Russia had been attacked by Germany through these eastern neighbors, he yearned for a feeling of security.But, Roosevelt needed no realms or effective reach on the planet. He accepted that all states reserved no privilege to self-assurance. Their disparities in post-war understandings included strain in their delicate relationship. These occasions would plant the seeds for the possible breakdown of the Grand Alliance; these can be identified in the understandings made at Yalta despite the fact that unexpectedly th Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-60044775086375948592020-08-21T13:17:00.001-07:002020-08-21T13:17:26.543-07:00Analysis of Virgin Australia- Online Air Ticketing SystemQuestions : 1. What are the significant business goals and procedures (activities) that the aircraft organization does? 2. Rundown the data frameworks and subsystems that are utilized to help their gateway and portray how they are identified with the general business goals and procedures. In the event that the specific Information System can't be recognized, at that point utilize the nonexclusive terms for the suitable Information Systems (a case of a conventional name is Supply Chain Management framework). 3. Detail the situations you created and how the clients you watched associated with the framework when doing the errands of those situations. 4. Prescribe upgrades to the framework and depict the systematic outcomes. For example, not all aircrafts give frameworks to online registration. On the off chance that the organization were to include such usefulness, what do the examiners need to consider? 5. Depict the partners in question. Who right? For what reason do investigators need to think about their inclinations? 6. Talk about, in detail, the information assortment strategies you used to respond to the above inquiries. Depict how other information assortment methods could be utilized to accumulate additional data. It is safe to say that you are Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Benefit Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. Answers: 1. What are the significant business goals and Operations of Virgin Australia? Virgin gathering go into the carrier market of Australia in 2000. In the wake of beginning their business Virgin gets more extensive difficulties to their rivals same industry. Nonetheless, in 2011, the name of Virgin Blue changed into Virgin Australia. The CEO of Virgin Australia John Borghetti said that that organization is the second biggest armada specialist organizations around the world. In aircraft industry, Virgin Australia is most popular for biggest armada administration from the view purposes of size. The organization built up their business with the extraordinary exercises of initiative and the executives. The organization maintains their business in a remarkable economic situation more than year and a half. The significant goals of Virgin Australias business are to turn into the pioneer in worldwide premium aircraft showcase (Garay Bezanilla, 2013). So as to accomplish the enormous piece of the overall industry and become the pioneer in carrier advertise, Virgin Australia offers types of assistance dependent on clients viewpoint. As per the CEO of Virgin Australia, clients are the core of the organization. The organization consistently attempts to furnish exceptional purchaser involvement in their flying. For satisfy the interest of each client, Virgin Australia reliably high help, for example, separate the class dependent on cost. The most significant technique for Virgin Australias administration is that they furnishes security first and act with the trustworthiness and uprightness. 2. Rundown of Information System and sub framework that used to help the entrance just as by and large business procedures and goals of Virgin Australia. In the business procedure of Virgin Australia, the organization coordinated a few data frameworks inside their gateway for book of pass to the client. These are E-Ticketing Systems, Internet Booking framework, Book ticket by means of Kiosk and ATM, for telephonic booking joining of call focus, incorporation of major worldwide conveyance (Fan, 2012). The current online reservation arrangement of Virgin Australia was structured dependent on the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http) and the customer server engineering. This was intended to encourage the client for consistent schedule hold flights and book flight. Aside from that, the online reservation entryway of Virgin Australia, for example, www.virginaustralia.com was additionally planned with the great human PC. It permits the organization to give office to the client to book ticket in online fromany place. Through the structured entrance of virgin Australia, clients can sign on to the webpage and make their ticket reservation from w herever and the organization coordinated compensation buddy framework for secure installment that permitted to pay for the booking tickets on the web. Web Booking For the web booking framework, the product fashioner of Virgin Australia planned two kind of engineering including conventional programming focused design and administration situated design. Conventional programming focused engineering was intended for the application programming of ticketing operator work area that runs without web administration for booking the ticket or hold the flight (Hamilton Sankaranarayanan, 2013). Then again, administration arranged engineering was intended for the appropriation framework where specialists can book ticket or hold the flight on the web. So as to planned the design of administration arranged framework different advancements were utilized, for example, Web Service Description Language (WSDL), Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI), Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) and Simple Access Objective Protocol (SOAP) Data System for ticket booking: The structured data framework is utilized for the assortment of information or data that identifies with ticket booking and the information procedure for constant use just as contain real data. Be that as it may, the executed data framework utilizing hyper content exchange convention permits the organization in enveloping the information gathering data from the clients (Katkat, 2014). Aside from that, the planned data framework for ticket booking observing information transmits and gets information the system. The executives of Information System: Management Information System is utilized for the administration of social occasion information and data regarding settling on choice and makes a report about the summery of data framework. Exchange Processing System: Transaction Processing System was structured through the WSDL (Web Server Description Language) for assortment of data, business handling framework, alteration or cancelation the exchange, and so forth (Flood et al. 2011). The structured exchange process framework was bolster different clients immediately on the grounds that it was planned by the engineer for concurrent use. Exchange Processing System of Virgin Australia by and large put away the data in the database of the association (Puhe et al. 204). The gathered information are utilized for different reason for the organization, for example, wages,summarization of stock, planning of assembling, register checking, charging, and so on. Common Networks and External System: The regular system of Virgin Australia was planned dependent on the hyper content exchange convention as far as encouraging the human mind. Be that as it may, the structured system of Virgin Australia is utilized for the learning and recollecting the data. Despite what might be expected, master arrangement of the organization was structured utilizing the UDDI technique (Silva Ferreira, 2014). This is the information based framework for Virgin Australia and use for examining information and delivering results for proposals. Choice Support System: Decision Support System was planned in the business procedure of Virgin Australia for investigating the gathered information that put away in database. Choice Support System helps the organization in creating factual projections just as the information models. Choice Support framework permits the carrier firm to improve the administration quality instead of substitution of staffs or administrators choice. The CEO of Virgin Australia said that created Decision Support System helps the organization in taking care of issues during the organization utilize outer information for dynamic procedure. E-Ticketing E-ticketing approach required by the organization so as to supplant the customary paper of booking ticket data. The procedure of e-ticketing framework permits the client in supplanting traditional paper ticket with e-ticket. Virgin Australia utilizing e-ticketing method gives message or data to clients about the subtleties of their booking data and the registration framework in air terminal help the e-ticketing innovation and encourage the client to check their data itself (Mayes et al. 2009). Virgin Australia appropriately builds up the information security for their e-ticketing framework utilizing the ET innovation. It permits in building trust of client t Virgin Australia. E-ticket administration encourages the business procedure of virgin Australia because of its ease of use since it is anything but difficult to explore. 3. Subtleties of the situation that created and the association framework that complete the undertaking of those situation. Case Scenario of Request Flight Information Name Solicitation for the accessible data about Flight Rundown Client put the booking information with the takeoff date and goal city into the e-ticketing reservation framework. The planned framework asks about the accessible trips of a specific date and speaks to the data for the clients. Fundamental Events Client Framework Utilization of e-ticketing reservation framework presented for the clients Show the UI framework about the flight administration for the clients Chooses Departure Date Select Return Date Pick start City Pick Destination City Pick the full circle or one way venture Pick constant or associations flight administrations Present the measures Approval of information or data about clients Presentations the flight list that accessible on that specific date to meet the standards of clients None None Client Framework Shows the mistake or invalid message for invalid information or contribution of the clients Recognize the message for the clients Presentations the present framework or standards for adjustment to the clients about the craving data of flight administration and keeps on submitting models On the off chance that the information or data put appropriately into the arrangement of e-ticketing reservation on the web and no information or data about flight recognized that shows the message that no flight administration accessible Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-33778451988426967822020-05-28T00:18:00.001-07:002020-05-28T00:18:02.653-07:00Online Theft / Cybercrime Against Critical Infrastructure - 825 WordsOnline Theft / Cybercrime Against Critical Infrastructure (Essay Sample) Content: Cybercrime against Critical InfrastructureNameInstitutionCybercrime against Critical InfrastructureCybercrime includes crimes such as spamming, hacking and phishing that are committed over the internet or computer systems platform. Due to growing and revolution in technology, cybercrime tactics are also changing and growing every day. More and more criminals are taking advantage of this type of criminal that is done in secret to fulfill their malicious desires. As a result, this predicament should not be taken lightly due to its fast growing nature in relation to technology. Consequently, future possible effects should be peeped at and analyzed forehand to control and curb them. This paper therefore intends to touch on cybercrime in relation to future infrastructure.According to Micro Trend (2015), scenarios of possible future cybercrime in relation to infrastructure should be looked at in the viewpoint of the normal internet user, manufacturers, communication service provider and government. Data ownership should be monitored in a given network system therefore allowing a distinction between misuse of that particular data and legitimacy. The vicious attacks on significant infrastructures and vital assets are on the rise. Cybercriminals are no longer restricted to the cyber world. They are now targeting power grids, water supply systems, and other fundamental services, intimidating our very way of life and global security.Global political tensions have also escalated as a result of cybercrime. Different countries invest on spies to hack network systems of other countries. This promotes tensions and creation of rifts among those particular countries. In addition, the high speed internet that is evolving regularly encourages hackers speed to access private information of individuals hence proof of future consequences of cybercrime.As a matter of fact, data exchange is not free and there are a lot of financial transactions involved. To ensure that these finances do not go to waste as a result of cybercrime, associated parties dealing with cybercrime should devise possible ways of compensation in terms of data recovery and financial reward respectively. In addition, governance of network infrastructure should be both locally and globally to ensure that critical issues such as global terrorism are controlled. This will be possible if states come together as a team not only in future but also presently because terrorism is at this time a global crisis. As much as we anticipate future solutions, present measures should also be contemplated.In relation with Trend Micro (2015), future infrastructure will also be hampered by cybercrime when public and private sectors do not come together jointly to fight this threat. Protection of infrastructure must be a joint undertaking and responsibility as a result it should start from the organization. When organization has the ability to monitor and thwart cybercrime, then relevant associates or security agencies will have simple tasks of just apprehending the culprits. Furthermore, governments should release funds to train and inform the general public on how to learn tactics of defense in relation to cybercrime as far as future preparation is concerned. This can be done through formation of small groups in the community to be trained network defense tactics. When a particular section in the community are informed about cybercrime then that means the all community is informed. This initiative will be a vital tool in the community especially to youths who are recruited by terrorist groups through internet.According to info security (2009), it is also important that cybercrime be classified into groups so as to come up with appropriate ways to charge each one of them. A hacker, prankster, cyber bully, cyber terrorism must all be distinguished from one another. Each one is different from the other though malicious and dangerous cybercrime such as terrorism can hide their motives under simple cybercrimes such as spamming, phishing and other related simple cyber abuse. A crime is a crime irrespec... Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-59382283653020767802020-05-16T10:23:00.001-07:002020-05-16T10:23:10.812-07:00ââ¬ËFederal Government Increasingly Dominates State... A2 politics Jess Waldron ââ¬ËFederal government increasingly dominates state governments in the USA.ââ¬â¢ Discuss The United States of America have a federal constitution, where the President of the United States, Congress, and the judiciary share powers, and the federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments. This is the stark opposite to the unitary system in the UK where sovereignty lies in parliament and some powers are given to local assemblies. There are many types of federalism; all have been a dominant influence in the American political system at some point due to the style of leadership brought in by each new presidential candidate. Throughout U.S. history, the division of power between the federalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Federalism is a dual (split in two) system of sovereignty, splitting power between a central government and various state governments. Both the federal and state governments can directly govern citizens through their own officials and laws. The resulting Constitution allowed powers for both federal and state governments. Each had some separate powers and some shared powers. A federalist called John Marshall, as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, made decisions favoring a strong federal government over state government power. In Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marshall used judicial review (where the Court is the government body to decide whether laws are constitutional), this was used in accordance with the principles and power established by the Constitution. By the late 1930s, the Great Depression resulted in a dramatic change. The idea of federalism and Marshalls earlier positions returned. In West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) the Court extended federal power to regulate some economic activities within states. Under a broadened Commerce Clause interpretation, federal powers expanded at the expense of state powers and emphasis on the Tenth Amendment declined. The Court in NLRB v. United States (1936) reaffirmed the Wagner Act which brought labor relations under federal oversight. In addition, the Social Security Act creating a national retirement fund, passed in 1935.Show MoreRelatedAlevels Sociology3511 Words à |à 15 PagesCHAPTER 1: 1. ââ¬ËSocial order may be the product of consensus or coercion, depending on which sociological perspective is adopted.ââ¬â¢ Explain and discuss. Ans: Social order is the product of consensus in terms of functionalism Social order is the product of coercion in terms of conflict theory in reality; society may be a combination of both - that is there is human free will which is also limited by social structure example institutions, laws Functionalist Theory and consensus: The functionalistRead More The War in Iraq Being an Oil Currency War Essay4124 Words à |à 17 PagesThe War in Iraq Being an Oil Currency War Although completely unreported by the U.S. media and government, the answer to the Iraq enigma is simple yet shocking -- it is in large part an oil currency war. One of the core reasons for this upcoming war is this administrations goal of preventing further Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) momentum towards the euro as an oil transaction currency standard. However, in order to pre-empt OPEC, they need to gain geo-strategic controlRead MoreOligopoly and the Disney Company.6632 Words à |à 27 Pageshave been around ever since there is trade. However, it has only recently gained grounds in this age of globalisation. Never before has oligopolistic competition been so fiercely contested across so many industries. The media industry in the United States of America (US) is one such industry. As a powerful communication tool, the media has attracted many companies but only a handful has grown big. These media giants have dominated the local market and are currently seeking to conquer the global mediaRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words à |à 84 Pagesand precise approach. Scientists now take the genetic material at a cellular level and create or modify that host into something new. This is called biotechnology. Biotechnology in its clearest definition, as per the Merriam-Webster Dictionary states, ââ¬Å"Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful usually commercial products, such as pest resistant crops, new bacteria strains or pharmaceuticalsâ⬠(Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online 2011). So what doesRead MoreWine Consumption Essay examples6888 Words à |à 28 PagesBusiness Environment a. A brief overview of the current global business environment. a-1. Figure 12 wine consumption a-2. Top 10 wine consumers a-3. Changing in total wine consumption b. Discuss any market trends or developments that are relevant or may impact on the organisation 1-a. 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Our shares are listed on the London and New York Stock Exchanges and our corporate head ofï ¬ ce is in Brentford, UK. 4 5 6 7 2 Other: à £1.0bn Research development Consumer Healthcare c.30 A peer-leading pipeline Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-26049529422527560862020-05-06T17:46:00.001-07:002020-05-06T17:46:28.899-07:00Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 964 Words In the novel Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass written by Frederick Douglass, Mr. Douglass delivers valuable lessons by relaying his own life story. Douglass helps readers realize how powerful the mind can be. First, Douglass is able to show how the mind of person can still be psychological strong enough to survive and excel in the poverty and circumstances he was introduced to in his early life. Also, Douglass is able to identify the power of slavery to be in direct connection to the slave-ownersââ¬â¢ ability to entrap the mind. A significant lesson that Douglass also brought to readersââ¬â¢ attention is the ability of the mind to make a person believe, even at times of haunting sin, that their actions are righteous. Frederick Douglassââ¬â¢ novel is a great motivational resources that help remind society that the mind is a powerful tool. At times when life seems to be at its lowest, the mind is able to trick the spirit into believing there is still good on the hor izon. This trick is sometimes considered to equivalent be the powerful message of hope. Frederick Douglass displays this trait on countless scenarios throughout the novel, which allows himself to persevere through the hardest conditions. For instance, Douglassââ¬â¢ text reads, ââ¬Å"I date the entertainment of a deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me within its foul embrace; and in the darkest hours of my career in slavery, this living word of faith and spirit of hope departed not from me, butShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words à |à 4 PagesLife of Frederick In the ââ¬Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himselfâ⬠Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the ââ¬Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words à |à 7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, ââ¬Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.â⬠2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words à |à 5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as ââ¬Å"a highly conventionalized genreâ⬠indicating that ââ¬Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglassâ⬠¦are widely recognized today.â⬠(Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words à |à 7 PagesThe ââ¬Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglassâ⬠is the story of Frederick Douglassââ¬â¢ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglassââ¬â¢ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In ââ¬Å"The Blessings of Slaveryâ⬠, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words à |à 6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words à |à 6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being ââ¬Å"easily manipulatedâ⬠/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words à |à 6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederic k Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciation for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1527 Words à |à 7 Pagesconsidered ââ¬Å"propertyâ⬠of their slaveholders and had no control over their own life. They were victims of psychological and physical brutal treatment. This story represents confinement, slavery and the lack of power African people had in such a racist society back in those days. African talents were absolutely wasted and they were considered inferior to white individuals. The ââ¬Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglassâ⬠sim ply addresses that white society was causing negative effects to itself andRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words à |à 6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglassââ¬â¢ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreNarrative Of Life Of Frederick Douglass1271 Words à |à 6 Pagesof many famous quotes by Frederick Douglass that illustrates that no dream or hope can be achieved without any action. In his autobiography Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass, he outlines his life as a slave and his journey towards freedom through his de sire for education. In Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, the story expresses repression that slaves experienced through Douglassââ¬â¢s related experiences as a slave. The obstacles that Douglass conquers to achieve his education Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-57091852347217434002020-05-05T21:55:00.001-07:002020-05-05T21:55:15.061-07:00Assess The Strengths And Limitations Of free essay sample # 8216 ; verite # 8217 ; Documentary Essay, Research Paper The manner of film verite originated in France during the 1950 # 8217 ; s and `60 # 8217 ; s. It was developed by Drew and Leacock at this clip, and was besides taken up in Britain, as it was seen capable of offering a new documental experience. Verite as a term is frequently interchangeable with similar footings such as fly on the wall, or experimental film. Whilst there are elusive differnces between the related manners, for case, the presence of camera and crew is more expressed in experimental film, for the intents of this essay it is possibly best to see all these manners under the common verite streamer. It is the intent of this essay to discourse in what sense verite can be seen as the most direct type of docudrama, why this `directness # 8217 ; has generated intuition as to its cogency, within its audience, and to what extent this intuition is justified. Possibly one ground why verite is seen as the most direct signifier of docudrama can be found in the it employs during the movie doing procedure. For illustration, verite is minimalist in footings of directoral intercession, and conveys a sense in which the spectator is given a direct position of what was really go oning in forepart of camera on the twenty-four hours of shooting. All this is exacerbated by the absence of T.V. lighting and the rareness of interviews, although verite has progressively utilised `the interview # 8217 ; for intents of coherency. Another characteristic of the verite manner is that it tends to concentrate on extremely spatialised, tight topics. Again this is to show a more consistent image to the spectator, although this besides increases the `directness # 8217 ; of the genre, in that the facts we learn about the group are non blurred by an overload of more general information, as would be the instance were the focal point more widespread. Despite being seen as the most direct signifier of docudrama there are a figure of jobs built-in in the genre which have caused it to be viewed with some intuition. One of the chief jobs centres around the extent to which verite can be seen as offering a `real # 8217 ; or `true # 8217 ; image of the topic it is involved in. Luckacs, for case, has claimed that the cameras attending to the # 8220 ; here and now # 8221 ; is an unequal manner of cognizing. Events, objects and phenomena et cetera are all caught in procedure of alteration and a web of causal dealingss that require representation if the `true # 8217 ; narrative is to be to the full understood. Luckacs claims, nevertheless, that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the extended entirety of world is beyond the range of any artistic creation. # 8221 ; . In short, he is connoting that verite is incapable of offering a true image of its topic because, as an attack to documentary, it is so limited in its range. This position can be linked to Dai Vaughan s remarks in his book # 8220 ; Television Documentary Usage # 8221 ; . He claimed that verite docudrama shapers are more interested in utilizing indexal instead than iconic symbols in their movies. Vaughan uses the illustration of a brick wall in his statement, claiming that in a fiction movie a brick wall is iconic in that it does non count which brick wall is filmed every bit long as representation of a brick wall is shown. However, in a verite docudrama, the brick wall, as constructed by the spectator upon seeing the image, must bear a alone relation to the brick wall which is really before the camera. From this statement we can presume that the `realness # 8217 ; of the objects/people/places etc shown in movie, is important to the verite attack. Yet, if we believe Luckacs remarks we must presume that verite, due to its limited range, is incapable of showing a existent, or true image of events. In this sense verite is limited, and any effort it makes to show a image of world m ust be viewed with intuition. Verite has besides come across jobs built-in in the topics it tackles. Many verite programmes have been attacked because it is felt that they are non showing a typical illustration of the wider subjects they are undertaking. This was notably the instance in series # 8217 ; such as # 8220 ; The Family # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; The Living Soap # 8221 ; , where the programmes were being broadcast as they were being filmed. This created a state of affairs, as in # 8220 ; The Living Soap # 8221 ; , where alternatively of watching a programme about six typical pupils in their day-to-day lives, we were watching a programme about six immature people who happened, but more significantly, had found a new famous person position, exacerbated by visual aspects in adolescent magazines and on daytime T.V.. As a consequence, the programme was frequently more about how the participants dealt with their famous person position, instead than how they dealt with the typic al twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life of a pupil. There have besides been accusals that the topics of verite movies act up to the camera, or chair their behavior as a consequence of its presence. For illustration, Colin Young, in hisd article about Paul Watsons series # 8220 ; The Family # 8221 ; claims that during an statement between female parent and girl in one episode he # 8220 ; # 8230 ; sensed that Margaret Wilkins [ the female parent ] was seting the brakes on for the camera # 8211 ; non altering her place, but altering the manner she expresses it. # 8221 ; . Further on he claims that Mrs Wilkins # 8220 ; # 8230 ; sees herself as a representative and she casts herself as the built in interviewer. # 8221 ; . Such behavior has been viewed with intuition by verites critics because it shows how this documental signifier can alter world. The docudrama shapers can besides be seen to pull strings participants behaviour for the camera. A good illustration of this c an be found in Maggie O # 8217 ; Kanes article on # 8220 ; The Living Soap # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; The strain is unrelenting. Mark, a medical pupil wants to phone a friend to happen out the consequence of the afternoons rugby lucifer but a research worker is sent to state him non to do the call until the crew is ready. Marks mate is non home yet so the manager says they will try again in ten minutes. They all sit around on the purple and black couch waiting to try again.â⬠. Infact the input of the film maker is often at the root of the suspicion felt towards verite. The feeling is that documentary makers manipulate reality, be it consciously or subconsciously, to such an extent that the film becomes merely a vague impression of what would actually have occurred were the film not being made. The presence of the camera is often seen as the reason for this. Indeed, the B.B.C.ââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Principles and practice in documentary programmesâ⬠claimed that the recording equipment was ââ¬Å"â⬠¦a constant obstruction between the producer and his subject.â⬠. Tyrell argued that ââ¬Å"it is not the documentary film makers who are dishonest it is the form itself that is flawed by its own internal contradictions. It purports to show us reality, but what we see is inevitably an illusion. A documentary has to be constructed and contrived. Thin gs have to be included and excluded.â⬠. Audiences are often distrustful of what has been excluded, largely because they do not know whether any crucial information has been edited. Often things are left out because they are deemed unsuitable for T.V. audiences. One of the students in ââ¬Å"The Living Soapâ⬠was heard berating the role of sex and drugs in the average students life. In his view the programme was not presenting a true picture, and the question of editing is often a reason for suspicion of verite in the wider audience. A number of ethical problems surrounding verite have also aroused suspicion within the audience. Grierson claimed that verite was dangerous because it is ââ¬Å"â⬠¦so open to exploitation by the provincially minded or the second rate.â⬠. Indeed questions continually surround programmes such as ââ¬Å"Sylvania Watersâ⬠or ââ¬Å"The Living Soapâ⬠asking how ethical or exploitative it is to invade a persons privacy to such an e xtent. Suspicion towards verite could be said to be grounded here in that people are distrustful of film makers who are prepared to `exploitââ¬â¢ people to such an extent. However, there is a sense in which verite can combat all these weaknesses and emerge as a useful and interesting form of documentary. For example, in his style of film making, Roger Graef has claimed that verite is far from unethical because the participants in the documentarys han#ve the power to stop filming, or demand a certain sscene be cut. This idea that the participants `know what they are letting themselves in forââ¬â¢ takes away from the notion that they are being exploited. To counteract the argument that verite is unable to convey a true picture of reality one could look to the writings of Andre Bazin. For example, ââ¬Å"The aesthetic qualities of photography are to be sought in its power to lay bare the realitiesâ⬠¦Only the impassive lens, stripping the object of all those ways of seeing ità ¢â¬ ¦is able to present it in all its virginal purity.â⬠. Roger Graef is perhaps rather more realistic when he accepts that the presence of a camera and crew can effect the actuality of the subject being tackled. However, he claims that verite film makers such as himself have never purported to be filming reality as it would be were they not present. ââ¬Å"All we have endeavoured to do in devising a new set of procedures in our film making, is to minimise the effect of our presence.â⬠Paul Watson echoed Graeffs sentiments in his production of ââ¬Å"The Familyâ⬠. He and his crew arrived before the family got up and left after they went to bed. No T.V. lighting was used and the series was filmed through a hand held camera. It is felt this helped the programmes participants get used to the set up more easily, and whilst it did not present events as they would have occurred without the cameras presence, it did allow the subjects to carry on in an entirely different way than would have been allowed using more conventional film making procedures. As regards the editing of verite films, it could be said that bearing in mind the large amount of material during the making of most verite films it is necessary, for the purposes of coherency, to bring some order and construction to the material on hand. Also, this large editing ratio suggests that it is possible for the film maker to get a clearer idea of what is happening as the subject under scrutiny unfolds. Roger Graef claims that ââ¬Å"â⬠¦the B.B.C. Green book on documentary suggests you spend a day or two watching what happens and then you are suddenly an expert on whatââ¬â¢s typical.â⬠He claims that this method forms pre conceived ideas of the way the film is going to go which makes for `unrealââ¬â¢ film making. ââ¬Å"We try to pay some sort of respect all the way through the process to what is actually happening and to what it tells us.â⬠. In conclusion, It could be said th at features of verite such as the editing process, the manipulation of the subjects by the film makers, and the reaction of the participants towards being filmed are inherent weaknesses of the genre and arouse suspicions within its audience thus rendering it useless. However, equally one could say that verite, through its direct approach and realistic style offers a unique insight into real life. Most verite documentarists appear to accept that the genre has its weaknesses, not least of which appears to be the way in which the camera distorts the viewers image of reality. However, it seems clear that aspects of real life do come through very strongly in verite film, and perhaps the reason why so many people are suspicious of it is because it is so realistic. As Roger Graef commented on the public outcry over the series ââ¬Å"The Familyâ⬠, To present to British families other British families, unexplained, is to confront them most uncomfortably. And they panic, lest the box tur n into a mirror. Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-77232775642201754102020-04-16T21:00:00.001-07:002020-04-16T21:00:04.004-07:00Potential of Export of Good to Gulf Countries Essay ExamplePotential of Export of Good to Gulf Countries Essay Dissertation Submitted to the Dr. D. Y. Patil University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of The Degree of MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Submitted by: Ankit Sharma [pic] Current Future Potential of Export of Good to Gulf Countries with respect to SCI Ltd. Dissertation Submitted to the Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award ofThe Degree of MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [pic] DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation Current Future Potential of Export of Good to Gulf Countries with respect to SHIPPING CO OPRATION OF INDIA Ltd (SCI). submitted for the MBA Degree at Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Universityââ¬â¢s Department of Business Management is my original work and the dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar titles. Place: Navi Mumbai Date:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A lot of people have contributed in making this project report by giving me the required knowledge and time. I would like to thank all of them. It is because of their continued assistance and competence that I have been able to reach this milestone. for instilling confidence in me to carry out this study and extending his valuable guidance and encouragement from time to time, without which it would not have been possible to undertake and complete this project within the stipulated time.The route of this service is as follows: Colombo/Mundra/JebelAli/Mundra/Pipavav/JNP/Cochin/Tuticorin. We will write a custom essay sample on Potential of Export of Good to Gulf Countries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Potential of Export of Good to Gulf Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Potential of Export of Good to Gulf Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer SCI also provides services to other upper-Gulf ports like Bahrain, Bandar Abbas, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, and Muscat via Jebel Ali. The SCI began operating this new independent weekly service from March 2008 to the Gulf, with three owned 1600 TEU (1800 TEU nominal) vessels, on a round voyage schedule of 21 days. In December 2008, the SMILE service was expanded to carry feeder and coastal cargoes on the west coast of India. Through the SMILE service, the SCI has commenced a coastal service on the west coast of India between Mundra, Cochin and Tuticorin from December 2008.The main objective of this study is to ascertain the future exports of goods services to gulf countries in relationship with Shipping Corporation of India (SCI). Focus of the research would be to find out which gulf countryââ¬â¢s economy will ascend in the near future its repercussions on the consumption pattern of the gulf countries, what will be the demand condition, market potential in the current economic scenario in the near future in terms of Export Import trade. The recommendations suggestions will focus on which products should be exported to the gulf countries by The Shipping Corporation of India to increase their overall profitability. Comprehensive study on linear service provided by the Shipping Corporation of India the marketing aspects related to it.The study involves in finding out the current players in the container trade to gulf countries, what are the major commodities that are exported, what is the vessel size if it is a weekly service. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION About Shipping Industry About Shipping Industry We live in a global society which is supported by a global economy ââ¬â and that economy simply could not function if it were not for ships and the shipping industry. Shipping is truly the lynchpin of the global economy: without shipping, intercontinental trade, the bulk transport of raw materials and the import/export of affordable food and manufactured go ods would simply not be possible.Of all the sectors that make up the global transport infrastructure, shipping probably has the lowest public profile and the least representative public image. Its importance is not well known although not a single area of our life remains unaffected by it. In the recent past developing countries have put the pedal on the gas and have raced ahead from the developed countries in case of the international trade. The growth in international trade, removal of trade barriers being the principal reason, has made the developing countries to concentrate more on the improvement of their infrastructure, like roads, airports, seaports, which play a vital role in the development of the economy.Product storage, along with the capacity to move large shipments have placed the shipping industry in a very advantageous position. Containerization, multi-modal transport services, advancement of marine engineering technology, specialized systems, and computerization have contributed towards making sea transport as a prime mode for movement of internationally traded goods. However, the development of shipping industry in a country also depends on its population density, economic advancement and many other inter-related conditions, like port and refueling capacities. CHAPTER-2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT Primary Objective:Objective of the study is to find the current future potential of export of goods to Persian Gulf countries in relationship with Shipping Corporation of India. Secondary Objective: and Gulf countries for the year 2012-13 Secondary objective of the study is as mentioned below:- â⬠¢ Current scenario of the global shipping industry â⬠¢ Indiaââ¬â¢s contribution to the world trade â⬠¢ Total number of commodities exported imported by India â⬠¢ Total number of commodities exported to and imported from Gulf countries in the year 2010-11 â⬠¢ Potential future export of commodities between India a nd Gulf countries â⬠¢ Competitor Analysis â⬠¢ Major commodities exported to Gulf countries â⬠¢ List of documents required by the shipping vessels â⬠¢ Comprehensive study on the liner service Trade study of last 3 years â⬠¢ Projections of the trade between India CHAPTER-3 LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW International Shipping Industry Benefits from Recent Tax Changes: Certified Public Accountant Lifson, David A; Bentley, Peter E. The CPA Journal[pic]75. 6[pic] (Jun 2005): 48-52. Despite its continuing importance, the shipping industry has lost most of the prestige it held in this country. One reason is that although several U. S. shipping companies are publicly traded, the nation is less well represented in international shipping than in other, comparable global industries. To partially address this complaint, and in an attempt to incentivize the U. S. hipping industry, the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 includes four measures-the deferral of freight tax r egulations; changes to the controlled foreign corporation rules; changes to the foreign tax credit rules; and the introduction of a tonnage tax for qualified entities-that represent a dramatic change in federal tax policy and will likely make the U. S. environment more attractive to businesses engaged in U. S. -international shipping. The tax changes described in this article will have broad impact and are designed to change the risk-reward assumptions that the industry had come to accept. Over the coming months, ship-owners, operators, and financiers will better understand how these changes apply to them, and how they can profit in the new tax environment. The Greek shipping industry Grammenos, Costas T; Choi, Chong Ju International Studies of Management Organization[pic]29. 1[pic] (Spring 1999): 34-52. A wide range of industries are undergoing changes brought on by globalization.Even the Greek shipping industry, traditionally based in Greece with a wide international network, is being forced to make structural adjustments as changes in the regulatory environment demand different means of financing, and these will, in turn, evitably change the competitive structure of the industry. The study analyzes the competitive advantage of ethnically homogeneous business networks with particular reference to the Greek shipping industry. Ethic homogeneity can provide market signals that can compensate for the contract uncertainty arising from the absence of legal means of contract enforcement. Also considered are the implications for shipping regimes such as those involving shipping cartels and safety and environmental concerns. Measuring Success Factors of Quality Management in the Shipping Industry Cheng, T C Edwin, Choy, Petrus W C. Maritime Economics Logistics[pic]9. 3[pic] (Sep 2007): 234-253.It is generally accepted that quality management is considered a valuable competitive factor for firms that confers them competitive advantages and enables them to achieve su perior performance. Although there have been numerous studies examining general quality management practices and implementation, industry-specific studies on quality management practices and factors that influence their success in the shipping industry are rather few. This study seeks to identify the factors that are critical to successful quality management, and attempts to develop a reliable, empirically tested, and rigorously validated measurement instrument for quality management, for the shipping industry. We conducted a large-scale survey of shipping industry executives and applied a rigorous research methodology to treat the survey data.We identified four success factors of quality management, which are top management commitment and participation, quality information and performance measurement, employee training and empowerment, and customer focus, and developed a functional instrument to measure quality management in the shipping industry. This paper contributes to research by identifying the success factors of quality management, and provides managerial insights on the successful management of quality, in the shipping industry. Helping the Shipping Industry to Bounce Back from the Global Challenge in the Face of the Economic Downturn Anonymous. PR Newswire [New York] 11 Jan 2010. More than 40 brilliant speakers from the Chinese government, marine organizations, shipping corporations, and technology providers from all over the world will speak to over 200 attendees active in the industry on the summit themes of efficiency, security, and the environment. Since its creation in 2007, Shipping Tech has encouraged technological development across the shipping industry and established an international forum for cooperation between governments, shipping corporations, ship manufacturing corporations, technology providers and other related industrial elites for the innovation of shipping technology. Liberalization and Deregulation in the Domestic Shipping Indu stry: Effects on Competition and Market Structure Austria, Myrna S. Philippine Journal of Development[pic]30. 1[pic] (2003): 29-69. The paper is organized as follows. The first section discusses the contestability of markets in the shipping industry, including the arguments for and against regulating the industry.The succeeding section examines the policy reforms made through liberalization and deregulation. The effects of the reforms on market structure and competition, including the impact of competition on efficiency, are then analyzed. This is followed by a discussion on the role of the Maritime Industry Authority in a deregulated and liberalized environment. Areas for competition policy and further reforms are then identified. Shipping industry continues to face difficulties Accord Fintech [Mumbai] 10 Feb 2010. Increase in handling of iron ore, thermal coal, petroleum oil and lubricant products (POL) and container traffic were the main factors pushing the cargo volumes.The Balt ic Dry Index (BDI), the global benchmark for shipping freight rates of dry bulk carriers, started recovering in April last year riding on surging commodity demand from China. Indian shipping industry faces negative outlook in 2011: Fitch Anonymous. Asia Pulse [Rhodes] 28 Jan 2011. Fitch Ratings maintains a negative outlook on the Indian shipping industry in 2011, as freight rates will remain depressed because of the demand-supply imbalance caused by a net increase in capacity exceeding demand, it said in a statement. * The ratings firm said that lower freight rates have affected revenue generation across shipping companies, in line with the global trend and said major players will be under pressure in 2011. During 2011, low freight rates are expected across all segments like dry bulkers, tankers and containers, and few Indian shipping companies are expected to undertake aggressive capex plans, it said. Container Shipping Industry Celebrates National Maritime Day Anonymous. PR Newswi re [New York] 21 May 2008. Atlantic Container Line AB, China Shipping (Group) Company, CMA-CGM Group, COSCO, Crowley Maritime Corporation, CSAV (Compania Sud-Americana de Vapores S. A. ), Hanjin Shipping Co. Ltd. , Hapag-Lloyd AG, Hyundai Merchant Marine Co. , Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Maersk Line, Malaysia International Shipping Corporation (MISC), Mediterranean Shipping Co. S. A. (MSC), Mitsui O. S. K.Lines, Neptune Orient Lines Ltd/APL, Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (NYK), Orient Overseas Container Line Ltd (OOCL), Pacific International Lines (Pte) Ltd, United Arab Shipping Co (SAG), Wan Hai Lines Ltd, Yang Ming Marine Transport Corp. , Zim Integrated Shipping Service Ltd. Indian Shipping Industry Carrying Capacity Cross 10 Mln Gt Anonymous. Asia Pulse [Rhodes] 20 Sep 2010. The aim was to provide a level playing field to domestic shipping industry against the international shipping companies and facilitate the growth of Indian tonnage. [ ] the Indian tonnage has steadily grown over the last 5 years from 6. 94 million in April 2004 to the present level, the statement said. Research and Markets; Indian Shipping Industry Economics Week (Mar 23, 2012): 548.The Shipping Industry Sailing through turbulent waters The Shipping industry is highly co-related to the developments in global trade, therefore any adversity in the global economic growth adversely affects the prospects of global shipping fraternity thereby explaining the cyclical nature of the industry. CHAPTER-4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research refers to a search for knowledge. It is a systematic method of collecting and recording the facts in the form of numerical data relevant to the formulated problem and arriving at certain conclusions over the problem based on collected data. Thus formulation of the problem is the first and oremost step in the research process followed by the collection, recording, tabulation and analysis and drawing the conclusions. The problem formulation starts with defining the problem or number of problems in the functional area. To detect the functional area and locate the exact problem is most important part of any research as the whole research is based on the problem. According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions: collecting, organizing and evaluating data: making deductions and reaching conclusions: and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.Research can be defined as the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research. SOURCES OF DATA: PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION: Primary data are those, which are collected afresh and for the first tim e and thus happen to be original in character, questions and interviews methods were accede to collect primary data by visiting the factory premises and various departments in it. It was collected from the employees working in the factory. By using both the questionnaire method and interview method. I would gather information from the employees. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTIONIt is collected from the internal records of the company such as library records, trade journals, various manuals of the company, various training programs previously conducted and itââ¬â¢s responds etc; It is also conducted from the officials of the pursued department in the factory. Secondary data provides a better view of the problem study many magazines, tools and other references were also mean important in this study. CHAPTER-5 GLOBAL SCENARIO GLOBAL SCENARIO It is generally accepted that more than 90 per cent of global trade is carried by sea. Throughout the last century the shipping industry has seen a gen eral trend of increases in total trade volume.Increasing industrialization and the liberalization of national economies have fuelled free trade and a growing demand for consumer products. Advances in technology have also made shipping an increasingly efficient and swift method of transport. World seaborne trade figures i. e. the amount of goods actually loaded aboard ships have increased considerably since the 70s and in 2008, reached 8. 2 billion tons of goods loaded. As with all industrial sectors, however, shipping is not immune to economic downturns and 2009 witnessed the worst global recession in over seven decades and the sharpest decline in the volume of global merchandise trade.In tandem with the collapse in economic growth and trade, international seaborne trade volumes contracted by 4. 5 per cent and total goods loaded went down to 7. 8 billion tons in 2009. However seaborne trade bounced back in 2010 and grew by an estimated 7 % taking the total of goods loaded to 8. 4 bi llion tons. Developing countries continued to account for the largest share of global seaborne trade (60% of all goods loaded and 56 % of all goods unloaded), reflecting their growing resilience to economic setbacks and an increasingly leading role in driving global trade. Developed economiesââ¬â¢ shares of global goods loaded and unloaded were 34 % and 43 % respectively. Transition economies accounted for 6 % of goods loaded and 1 % of goods unloaded. Developing countries are expanding their participation in a range of different maritime businesses. They have growing market shares in more capital-intensive or technologically advanced maritime sectors such as ship construction and ship owning. China and the Republic of Korea between them built 72. 4 per cent of world ship capacity (dwt) in 2010, and 9 of the 20 largest countries in ship owning in January 2011 are developing countries. Dry cargo, including bulk, break bulk, and containerized cargo, accounted for the largest share of goods loaded (66. 3%), while oil made up the balance. Growth in dry bulk trade is estimated at 4. 8% with the five major bulk products, fuelled mainly by the needs of Chinaââ¬â¢s metal industries.In 2010, developed economies recorded positive growth, with their GDP expanding by 2. 5 per cent. The United States and Japan performed better than the European Union, growing respectively by 2. 9 per cent, 4. 0 per cent and 1. 8 per cent. Developing economies and economies in transition continued to drive the global recovery with the rebound being led by large emerging economies, in particular China (10. 3 per cent), India (8. 6 per cent) and Brazil (7. 5 per cent). Almost unburdened by the financial crisis and consequent economic downturn, China, India and other developing countries resumed their expansion by generating their own growth instead of relying on exports to developed economiesââ¬â¢ markets.While the Unites States remains the main source of import demand for Asia, Chin a has evolved into an independent engine of regional growth and a larger source of final demand for a number of emerging developing economies, including the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, Province of China. The lead taken by developing countries in powering global growth reflects a shake-up in the worldââ¬â¢s economic order which has taken decades to unfold. UNCTAD data show that the share of developing countries in the global economic output rose from about 17 per cent in 1980 to over 28 per cent in 2010, raising the influence of these countries in the worldââ¬â¢s economic performance.In 2010, China overtook Japan as the worldââ¬â¢s second biggest economy (in nominal terms) and is leading the transformation together with some of the worldââ¬â¢s fastest-growing economies such as India and Indonesia. An important economic milestone in 2010 was Brazilââ¬â¢s ranking as the worldââ¬â¢s seventh largest economy after surpassing Italy. Goldman Sachs is now predicting that the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China) will overtake the Gââ¬â7 countries in size of their economies by 2018, i. e. much sooner than its original prediction of 2040 made a decade ago. The overall strong performance of developing countries as a group conceals differences between countries and groupings.For example, GDP growth in South Africa (2. 8 per cent) was much lower than the rates recorded by China, India and Brazil. Similarly, the recovery in many of the least developed countries (LDCs) remained below their potential with GDP growth (4. 8 per cent) not returning to its pre-crisis levels. The economic downturn and consequent increase in unemployment, together with the drop in social spending, can cause a serious setback to social equity and poverty alleviation. Although some ground has been gained, between 2007 and the end of 2009, at least 30 million jobs are estimated to have been lost worldwide as a result of the global financia l crisis.The global economy still needs to create at least another 22 million jobs to return to the pre-crisis level of global employment. It is further estimated that 47 million to 84 million more people are falling into or staying in extreme poverty because of the global crisis. While these considerations are not specific to the LDCs, they are nevertheless more detrimental for these countries in view of their inherent vulnerability to any erosion in economic and development gains achieved as part of efforts to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In terms of value of trade, USA is the major country engaged in maritime transport generating 10. 68% of world trade in 2008. Other major countries include Germany (8. 22%), China (7. 91%), and Japan (4. 78%).Among the Asian countries, China is the largest trader with large container port traffic and fleet. China International Marine Containers (CIMC) and Singamas are the two largest container manufacturers, which make China do minate in this field also. India is placed at eighteenth position in the world (with a share of 1. 45%), and seventh position amongst Asian countries. Table no. 5. 1 Growth of world output 2005 2013 [pic] [pic] Effects of the Global Slowdown Shipping Industry has been widely impacted given the economic slowdown of 2008 and 2009. Since the demand for ships / vessels is a derived demand of commodities, the slowdown affected the demand for ships / vessels during this period.This has been evident from the movement of Baltic Dry Index (BDI), which is a daily weighted average of prices of shipping raw materials, and is one of the leading indicators of global economic activity. BDI measures the demand to move raw materials, which indicates production, planning and industrial activity worldwide. BDI reflects the freight cost to transport dry bulk cargoes around the world, mainly raw materials such as iron ore, coal, and grains. The index excludes wet cargoes (such as crude oil carried by t ankers) and container business (used mainly to carry manufactured products). As the global trade shrunk by over 10%, many shipping lines found themselves in a situation of excess capacity (many liners ordered new ships during the economic boom period).Some analysts predicted that at least few shipping lines would go out of business to match with the supply demand situation. However, it is believed that shipping lines, in an informal arrangement, collectively reduced the capacity through slow steamingââ¬â¢ (spending more days in sea, which helped them to save on fuel and reduce capacity). It is estimated that slow-steaming could cut a linerââ¬â¢s capacity by around 5%. It is also believed that some shipping lines have teamed up to levy a voluntary surcharge of US $ 400 per container. Both the Federal Maritime Commission (USA) and the European Monitoring Agency are closely monitoring the developments to see any evidence of price fixing by shipping liners. Maritime Transport and Climate Change ChallengeLike other economic sectors, maritime transport, which by volume carries over 80% of global trade, has a role to play in addressing formidable challenge of climate change. International maritime transport is playing a part in contributing to climate change, but more importantly, it is also likely to be directly and indirectly impacted by the various climate change factors, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events and rising temperatures. The wide-ranging impacts of climate change, including that from maritime transport, and their potential implications for trade, economic growth and development, underscore the need to integrate climate considerations into strategies for transport planning and development.Increasingly, it is being recognized that considered and concerted actions are urgently required to ensure effective control of greenhouse gas emissions and to establish the requisite adaptive capacity in the shipping industry, especially in developi ng countries. Recognizing the importance for the maritime transport sector of contributing to global efforts at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, IMOââ¬â¢s Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is considering a number of mitigation measures aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping. Integration of Shipping Industry with Global Logistics and Supply Chains Global shipping majors, like other segments of the conventional transport industry, are increasingly getting integrated with the emerging global logistics and supply chain activities, owing to both external and internal dynamics.Many firms are entering into the enhanced canvas of offering logistics solutions, such as door-to-door delivery systems, integrating with rail/road haulage movements of cargo, customs brokerage, cargo consolidation, packaging/ re-packaging, and distribution services, thereby substantially consolidating their market position, and supplementing their ocean fr eight income. The global shipping industry is thus going through a major redefinition by undertaking logistic integration of their cargo operations. Change in Directions in Trade Volume Multi-polarity of trade flows, and the growth in trade volumes of Asian region is expected to impact the world shipping, as profoundly done by liner shipping and containerized cargo some decades ago.The earlier phase of trade volume witnessed shipping growth in Transatlantic and Transpacific routes, and the growing volume of world trade, especially from Asia, is likely to position the Pacific Rim and Indian Ocean Rim routes in the lime light. Common Port to Specialist Port Ports have been conventionally viewed as provider of omnibus solution to all types of cargo on a common basis. However, the global trend is veering into development of freight specialized ports ââ¬â such as LNG terminals, container terminals that involve high capital costs and intensive deployment of cargo handling equipment. Also, there has been a global trend in the port sector towards growing separation of port authority from port operator.The balance of power in the maritime trade, which was traditionally in favor of shipping lines, has been shifting in favor of shipper, whose cargo is being moved. With such emerging trends in port development in the world, shipping companies are expected to change their strategies and offer solutions to suit such trends. Growth in Establishment of Transshipment Terminals Growth in long distance and containerized trade has led to the growth in establishment of transshipment hubs. It is not possible to establish direct shipping connections between every country because either there may not be enough volume, or the ports may be located distantly from each other. Therefore, a set of direct or transshipment connections are required to link all country pairs by maritime shipping.For this purpose, the transshipment terminals and intermediate hubs have been started. The wor ldââ¬â¢s most important intermediate hub is ingapore, where 92% of its traffic is transshipped. The emergence of major intermediate hubs favored a concentraStion of large vessels along long-distance, high capacity routes, while smaller ports can be serviced with lower capacity ships. Consequently, the emergence of intermediate hubs has permitted liner services that would otherwise be economically unfeasible. Port Regionalization Ports, especially large gateways, are facing a wide array of local constraints that impair their growth and efficiency. Limited availability of land for expansion is among one of the most acute problems.This issue is exacerbated by the deepwater requirements for handling larger ships. Port regionalization is required when the ports are not able to handle additional traffic. Port regionalization refers to integration between maritime and inland transport systems, particularly by using rail and barge transportation, which are less prone to congestion than r oad transportation. Port regionalization and hinterland connectivity has been growing over the years, with the objective of meeting the constraints faced by ports. Port regionalization helps in creating a regional load centre network through joint development of a specific load centre and logistics platform in the hinterland.This has led to the development of corridors leaning on rail or barge services connecting to inland terminal facilities, which act either as satellite terminals, load centers or, less commonly, transmodal facilities. Many port authorities, terminal operators, commercial real estate developers and local/regional governments have been actively involved in the setting of such facilities. â⬠¢ Satellite terminals: These are tend to be close to a port facility, but mainly at the periphery of its metropolitan area (often less than 100 km), since they mainly assume a service function to the seaport facilities. They accommodate additional traffic and undertake servic es that have become too expensive at the port, such as warehousing (e. g. empty containers) and distribution.Satellite terminals can also serve as load centers for local or regional markets, particularly if economic density is high, in which case they form a multi-terminal cluster with the main port they are connected to through regular rail or barge shuttle services. For gateways having a strong import component, a satellite terminal can also undertake transloading function in a significant manner, where the contents of maritime containers are transloaded into domestic containers or truckloads. â⬠¢ Load centers: This refers to a major intermodal facility load center granting access to welldefined regional markets that include production and consumption functions. It commonly corresponds to a metropolitan area where a variety of â⬠¢ Intermodal / transmodal facilities: These link large systems of freight circulation either through the same mode (e. g. ail terminals serve co ncomitantly intermodal, warehousing, distribution and logistics functions. These tend to take place in logistics parks and free trade zones (or foreign trade zones). The inland terminal is thus the point of collection or distribution of a regional market. The more extensive and diversified the market, the more important is the load center. If the load center has a good intermediary location, such as being along a major rail corridor, then freight distribution activities servicing an extended market will be present. -to-rail) or through intermodalism (e. g. rail-to-truck). In the latter case, the inland terminal assumes the role of a load center.The origin or the destination of the freight traffic tends to be elsewhere, particularly for transmodal freight. Current World Trade Situation World trade continued to recover in 2011, albeit at a much slower pace than in 2010. After a strong rebound of more than 14 per cent in 2010, the volume of world exports in goods decelerated visibly, t o 7 per cent, in 2011. The level of total world exports had fully recovered to its pre-crisis peak by the end of 2010, but it is estimated to be still below the long-term trend level by the end of 2011. As has been the case with the recovery of WGP, developing countries, particularly Asian economies with large shares in the trade of manufactured goods, led the recovery.While the level of trade in volume terms has already far surpassed the pre-crisis pe Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-83552257436533750232020-03-13T11:48:00.001-07:002020-03-13T11:48:02.837-07:00Causes and Solutions of Car AccidentsCauses and Solutions of Car Accidents Introduction Car accidents are unexpected events that occur to motor vehicles causing damage of the vehicles, structures, fatalities and even death of the people in the vehicles. According to a research done by the United Nations, the rate of growth of accidents in the world continue to increase with over two million deaths and thirty million injuries reported annually.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The studies revealed that over seventy percent of the deaths that resulted from road accidents occurred in developing countries. These imply that automobile accidents are a major problem in developing counties stretching from regions of pacific Asia to many parts of Sub Sahara Africa which contribute to over fifty percent of these accidents. The numbers of vehicles continue increasing every year and governments are responding by constructing modern roads that can facilitate smooth transportation of goods and people so as to realize economic growth and reduce accidents which are increasing dramatically. In fact, car accident are ranked second to the major killer disease AIDS in terms of causing deaths and lose of property and resources. As a result, government policies to increase economic empowerment among the people are destructed by car accidents. Types of car accidents There are different classifications of road accidents depending on where the damage has been done on your vehicle. When a car hits another and there are minor damages on the vehicle, the accident is referred to as a rear impact car accident. An example of such an accident is when a vehicle hits another from the back due to failure of the brakes. When a car hits another for the side, the type of accident is referred to as side impact accident. It usually occurs when a vehicle enters another vehicles lane as a result of an abrupt stop and thereby skidding at a right angle. According to Abdelane (20), in the United States, more than a third of the accidents in the US are side impact accidents. When a vehicle hits another car or object in front it is said to have undergone head on collision. This type of accident not only happens to cars but also trains. This type of accident is commonly encountered by drunk drivers and those drivers who dose while driving. This type of accident is most likely to occur when a car enters a road from a wrong direction. When a car is involved in an accident and it turns in a manner that it lays on its side or roof, it is said to have had a roll over accident. This type of accident normally happens to tall tracks (Obenski, 3). Causes of car accidents There are several factors that cause road accidents which comprise the following: majority of the accidents occur due the rise in the number of road users who donââ¬â¢t obey traffic rules, drivers who drive their cars carelessly and disobedience of the rules of traffic; the nature of the roads is also a major cause of road accidents.Advertising Looking for report on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The nature of infrastructure, construction of bridges which do not meet safety standards leading to defects on the road like potholes; improper maintenance of motor vehicles by the owners have caused many accidents. Some of the accidents that arise due to poor maintenance are due to failure of the breaks, improper alignment of the wheels thereby causing bursting, mechanical problems associated with the wheel, and failure of the headlights (Abdelane, 54). Bad weather also contributes to the rise in the motor vehicle accidents. On a misty day, visibility on the road can be very bad. Cars on the road may end up colliding due to the failure of the drivers to notice vehicles in the front or back due to poor weather conditions. Other conditions of the weather that can lead to accid ents growth is the presence of unexpected floods and ice on the roads. These factors may make drivers notice their opponents late hence leading to collisions. Drivers may at times encounter distractions on the road as they drive, which may be within or outside the car. Some of the incidents arising from this error are when the attention of the driver is focused on a phone or a mirror or an interesting event outside the car while the car is in motion. It therefore follows that, anything causing the driver to concentrate outside the road is dangerous to the safety of the vehicle. Sometimes, the designers of the roads may do a shoddy job in designing the road. This could be due to poor placements of the traffic controls like inappropriate placements of the traffic signs so that the view of the incoming traffic is blocked at risky corners of busy roads. In most cases, accidents arising from poor design are compensated by the government implying that both the owners of the vehicles and t he State share the losses (Livneh, 99). Solutions to car accidents Brumitt (66) argued out that several measures can be adopted to ensure that there is reduction in the number of accidents. A lot of these measures have to do with government involvement in designing policies that guide road users but individual people must also take collective responsibility to avoid traffic offences. Governments should establish bodies that oversee the overall implementation of set up policies like the National Road Safety Committee. The responsibility of the committee should target the following areas of concern: pile up pressure on all government departments and ministries to ensure that they give out guidelines that aim to minimize car accidents. The committee should ensure that the lives of people are protected as well as protection of property from any losses arising from road accidents. Another effective control measure that can be taken to ensure that road accidents are reduced drastically is by keeping an accurate data base of the accidents and their causes so that it can be used to devise means of minimizing them. The records of the accident data system should be exact and consistent with assistance from established data collection systems.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By incorporating safety control measures in the school curriculum in the primary school level, a great deal will be reached in instilling safety measures to the younger generation so that they can acquire discipline of road safety measures right from initial stages of their lives to adulthood. The authorities should ensure that only drivers who have been trained and certified drive on the road. In addition the authorities should ensure that people caught disobeying traffic rules are seriously punished by the law so as to instill discipline among the people (Brumi tt, 122). Conclusion Finally, in order to attain excellent safety measures that will reduce accidents significantly, the government has to commit itself to provide funding to road safety, the private sector has to commit itself to offering technical assistance and people have to commit themselves to the safety measures. Abdelane,Evans. Braking Deceleration of Motorcycle Riders: International Motorcycle Safety Conference. Oxford: Oxford University, March 1- 4, 2001. Brumitt, Meyers. ââ¬Å"The Accident Reconstruction Network.â⬠(2007). https://www.smartmotorist.com/what-causes-car-accidents Livneh, Ceder. Relationships between road accidents and hourly traffic flow: Accident Analysis and Prevention. New Yolk: February 22, 2008. Obenski, Kuyt. ââ¬Å"National Transportation Safety Board.â⬠(2006). Web.Advertising Looking for report on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source Evaluation Report Road accidents are becoming a major disaster in the world. According to Abdelane of Oxford University, ââ¬Å"over one million people die and approximately thirty million get injuries as a result of road accidents in the world.â⬠He also adds that ââ¬Å"road accidents are identified as the second major killer of the human population after AIDS.â⬠Brumitt a research analyst at Bristol University, conducted a research and found out that road accidents are caused by road users who donââ¬â¢t obey traffic rules, poor infrastructure of the roads and defects on the vehicles such as break failure and tire bursts. According to Obenski of the National Transportation Safety Board, several factors cause road accidents and there is no particular sequence: it can be due to over speeding, lack of attention, cell phones and other distracters, ignorance, lack of proper training and poor maintenance of the vehicles. Livneh and his colleagues analyzed solutions o f road accidents and suggested that ââ¬Å"the effective solutions require the coordinated efforts of governments, international organizations and agencies, local authorities and good citizenship.â⬠ââ¬Å"Road accidents are unavoidableâ⬠says Livneh. ââ¬Å"But risks of road accidents can be reduced by simple precautions and thinking ahead.â⬠Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-23446069237593100092020-02-26T02:14:00.001-08:002020-02-26T02:14:03.176-08:00The components of HRM's success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsThe components of HRM's success - Essay Example Despite Guestââ¬â¢s hesitancy in concluding that HRM contributes to organisational performance, other scholars provided an empirical link between HRM strategies, policies and practices and certain aspects of individual and organisational performance (Liu et al., 2007; Nohria, Groysberg and Lee, 2008; Huselid, 1995: 635; Wall and Wood, 2005: 430; Pfeffer; and Pfeffer and Veiga 1999). This paper aims to determine HRM issues and to offer some solutions. After reviewing several studies, including opposing ones, HRM systems, policies, and practices are believed to drive company performance through shaping recruitment, selection, and retention strategies that develop engaged and creative employee, who can serve as one of the companyââ¬â¢s sustainable competitive advantages. The role of human resource systems in strategic recruitment cannot be undermined (Liu et al., 2007). Recruitment should not be dismissed as something that can easily be outsourced to other parties because recruitm ent strategy should meet existing HR strategy goals. Walker, Bernerth and Tocher (2009) studied job seekersââ¬â¢ organisational attitudes at different phases of the recruitment process by evaluating the interactions among the variables of job seekersââ¬â¢ procedural justice anticipations, procedural justice perceptions and preliminary screening feedback quality. After using two phases of data collection that included 392 participants in phase 1 and 351 in phase 2, findings showed that participants who were engaged in the recruitment process with high procedural justice expectations were more affected by initial screening feedback quality than those with low justice expectations (Walker et al., 2009: 5). Procedural justice perceptions throughout the preliminary screening affected their organisational attitudes (Walker et al., 2009: 5). These authors concluded that how firms recruit candidates can affect the quality of perceptions regarding the organisation (Walker et al., 2009: 6). Rehman (2012) affirmed the same findings for his empirical work on the recruitment efforts of public sector organisations in Pakistan. He discovered that organisations with poor promotion and governance systems tend to recruit fewer competent applicants and tend to have higher turnover rates. Managers must be clear in explaining what they expect from their employees and what employees can expect from the organisation, in terms of rewards, culture and other organisational and managerial factors. HRM managers who carefully carve the right organisational image and job expectations for its employees during the recruitment process can hire high-performing employees than those who do not care on the image and expectations they provide to applicants. HRM affects individual performance through its recruitment strategies because they influence individual decisions through organisational factors, which when affirmed through hiring, can result to employee job satisfaction and retention. H an and Han (2009) explored the relationship between hiring perceptions and retention and found a correlation between the two. Another studies emphasised that in recruiting the right people, job experience, skills, and personality are critical. Newman and Lyon (2009) Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-58296640940009202702020-02-09T18:59:00.001-08:002020-02-09T18:59:05.985-08:00Financial Analysis about PepsiCo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsFinancial Analysis about PepsiCo - Essay Example Today the PepsiCo has a wide and diverse range of edible products and it is one of the largest multinational corporations of the world. As per the financial statements of the company for the financial year 2011, the company has more than 22 mega brands which accounts for more than $1 billion each in annual retail sales. The company has been working diligently on focusing on its strategic targets and has been able to add several brands in the last decade. During the financial year 2011 the company was able to post revenue of 14 percent through its food and average business. The global snack portfolio of the company accounts for around $34 billion. In this particular niche, the company has been able to diverse immensely and through active innovation, the company has been able to add new products such as bread snacks and refrigerated dips. In addition, Lays, one of the worldââ¬â¢s leading brands is also owned by PepsiCo and accounted for $9 billion in sales during the financial year 2011.On the other hand, the global beverage portfolio of the company amounts for $34 billion which has shown an impressive increase of 5% growth from the previous financial year. Considering the current strategies and innovation, the company is actively working on brining new experiences to its customers all across the globe. The fact that the company is committed in expanding its operations all across the globe can be identified from the fact that during the 2011 financial year 50% of the revenue of the company came from outside of the America. The company has actively started marketing one of its major beverages Gatorade and Pepsi MAX outside of the America. ... rands is also owned by PepsiCo and accounted for $9 billion in sales during the financial year 2011.On the other hand, the global beverage portfolio of the company amounts for $34 billion which has shown an impressive increase of 5% growth from the previous financial year. Considering the current strategies and innovation, the company is actively working on brining new experiences to its customers all across the globe. The fact that the company is committed in expanding its operations all across the globe can be identified from the fact that during the 2011 financial year 50% of the revenue of the company came from outside of the America. The company has actively started marketing one of its major beverages Gatorade and Pepsi MAX outside of the America. No matter how strong the asset base of a company is and how prudent and effective the management of its resources is, there are always certain business risk lurking. As per the latest financial statement of the company, a great quantu m of its sales pertains to outside of America to countries such as Mexico, United Kingdom, China, India etc. However, the markets in these countries are still emerging and there is no certainty and surety that the products manufactured by the company will be accepted in the coming future. In addition, the political instability or severe economic meltdown can cause serious affect on the profitability of the company. Serious competition from any of the local brand in the aforementioned countries can also give difficult time to the company in achieving its desired sales target and revenue level. Change in the legal and regulatory requirement in any of the country can adversely affect the operations of the company. The overseas operations and conduct of the business including production, Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-1282770726129527722020-01-30T11:49:00.001-08:002020-01-30T11:49:02.397-08:00Social Networking with Wal-Mart Essay Example for Free Social Networking with Wal-Mart Essay The final assignment for this course is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is for you to culminate the learning achieved in the course by completing a final research project on organizational communication processes. The Final Project represents 25% of the overall course grade. Focus of the Final Paper The final research project requires you to choose a specific topic relevant to organizational communication processes, research that topic incorporating sources (literature review), analyze the issue in a real world organization, and present your findings. The final paper should be 8-10 pages (excluding title and reference pages), double spaced, and formatted in APA. Identify an organizational communication concept that is particularly interesting to you and that you would like to learn more about. Potential topics include: international and intercultural communication, communication competence in the workplace, diversity and communication, leadership communication, communication and decision making, communication in groups/teams, and communication technology in organizations. Identify an organization with which you are familiar and apply your research on the communication concept you selected to the organization. What did you learn about the concept by applying it to your selected organization? What did you learn about the organization by applying the organizational communication concept? Propose a specific program, training or course of action that you believe could potentially improve communication in the organization. Be sure your recommendations are supported by analysis of yourà research. Use at least six resources, three of them from Ashfordââ¬â¢s online library databases Carefully choo Find needed answers here https://bitly.com/12BM3Or Carefully choose what you want to major in. Do not pick a major just because it is popular, or it is what your parents want you to study. You need to choose a market that you can see yourself in for years to come, as choosing the wrong major could lead to unhappiness. Business General Business Final Paper The final assignment for this course is a Final Paper. The purpose of the Final Paper is for you to culminate the learning achieved in the course by completing a final research project on organizational communication processes. The Final Project represents 25% of the overall course grade. Focus of the Final Paper The final research project requires you to choose a specific topic relevant to organizational communication processes, research that topic incorporating sources (literature review), analyze the issue in a real world organization, and present your findings. The final paper should be 8-10 pages (excluding title and reference pages), double spaced, and formatted in APA. Identify an organizational communication concept that is particularly interesting to you and that you would like to learn more about. Potential topics include: international and intercultural communication, communication competence in the workplace, diversity and communication, leadership communication, communication and decision making, communication in groups/teams, and communication technology in organizations. Identify an organization with which you are familiar and apply your researchà on the communication concept you selected to the organization. What did you learn about the concept by applying it to your selected organization? What did you learn about the organization by applying the organizational communication concept? Propose a specific program, training or course of action that you believe could potentially improve communication in the organization. Be sure your recommendations are supported by analysis of your research. Use at least six resources, three of them from Ashfordââ¬â¢s online library databases Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-6973722228122932562020-01-22T08:12:00.001-08:002020-01-22T08:12:03.355-08:00The War on Terrorism is an Attack on American Civil Liberties EssayThe War on Terrorism is an Attack on American Civil Liberties After the attacks on 9/11 our country has been forced to confront the issue of terrorism.à The war on terrorism has ignited a war on our civil liberties.à Our civil liberties have been affected by the passing of the Patriot Act, the violation of privacy, and an increase in racial profiling. Civil liberties have been affected immensely by the Patriot Act.à A brief definition of the Patriot Act is; uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism.à The Patriot Act modifies the rules on searches.à It allows third party holders of your financial, library, travel, video rental, phone, medical, church, synagogue and mosque records. These records can be searched without your knowledge or consent provided the government says it's trying to protect against terrorism.à The FBI only needs to say the search will protect against terrorism and they don't need probable cause or evidence.à A judge has no authority to reject this application.à The person doesn't have to be a terror suspect themselves as long as the government's purpose is an authorized investigation to protect against internal terrorism.à The Patriot Act also violates everyone's constitutional right to privacy.à The ACLU shows a funny b ut scary illustration of what the government can do with the information they obtain by violating the right to privacy.à Basically, the Patriot Act allows the government to monitor anyone and everyone's life whenever they choose.à While some say the Patriot Act violates civil liberties, it was designed to support the effort against terrorism. The Patriot Act also created a counter-terrorism fund and increased funding for... ...on Terrorism Has Not Eroded Civil Liberties." à Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints. à Ed. Auriana Ojeda. à New York: Greenhaven Press, 2004. à * * Campbell, Geoffrey. à A Vulnerable America: An Overview of National Security. à Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books, 2004. * * Cassak, Lance, and Milton Hewmann. à Good cop, Bad cop: Racial Profiling and Competing Views of Justice. à New York: PeterLang Publishing, 2003. * * Lithwick, Dahlia, and Julia Turner.à "From a Guide to the Patriot Act."à Slate.à 1994.à à * * Nielson, Arrah. à "Profiling needed for airport security." à The University Daily Kansan. à 27 August 2003. à 1 November 2004. à * * Terris, Bruce J. à "Ethnic Profiling is Necessary." à Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints. à Ed. Auriana Ojeda. à New York: Greenhaven Press, 2004. à Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-66666291248999947092020-01-14T04:36:00.001-08:002020-01-14T04:36:03.168-08:00Diva Shoes QuestionsQuestions for Diva Shoes Note: you have to address these questions but you can address other issues as well within the format constraints.1. What are Diva's projected profits for the fiscal year ending September 1995?2. What factors affect a firm's exposure to exchange-rate risk?3. ââ¬Å"Forward traders quoted forward and futures prices based on the difference between foreign and U. S. interest rates. â⬠Explain what this means in your own words and why ?4. ââ¬Å"In addition, some of Divaââ¬â¢s foreign exchange risk was reduced by offsetting inflows and outflows in particular markets. â⬠Explain what an operational hedge is with examples of your own.5. What did Bisno perceived as the cost of doing business overseas ? does his perception make economic sense ? Why or why not ?6. Explain exactly how to estimate the annualized standard deviation of lognormal returns of exchange rates relative to U. S. dollars. How would you do the calculation if the data were weekly instea d of monthly ? daily ? explain in detail.7. How much exposure to exchange-rate risk does Diva Shoes have in April 1995? explain in detail and with numbers.8. Suppose that Diva chooses to hedge its exposure in yen using the forward contract described in case Appendix A or the currency option described in case Appendix B. Assume that you lock in these contracts at the forward price implied by interest-rate parity for September 1995. Draw the payoffs to the position at maturity for each alternative with the exchange rate defined in USD/JPY x 10,000 units (i. e. , the same units as the currency option is quoted).9. What do you see as the trade-offs between the alternatives for hedging ? 10. Do you think Bisno should remain strictly a shoe salesman or do you favor hedging his exposure? If you favor hedging, which alternative would you recommend to him? Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-59451113154833174992020-01-06T00:59:00.001-08:002020-01-06T00:59:03.155-08:00Role of Physics in Sports - 1180 Words The motions of throwing, batting, and fielding will be presented in physics terms and ideas. Physics plays a big role in sports. One particular sport is softball, where we will be seeing different motions represented. First, we are going to look at the two different types of throwing. There is the regular over-hand throw and there is also the pitching style. When looking at the regular over-hand throw and the pitching style of throwing, many of the same concepts apply to both. In pitching, there are three main issues involved. One is travel speed, another is rotational spin, and the last issue is direction of the spin. Newtonââ¬â¢s Third Law of Physics, which is with every action there is an opposite and equal reaction, applies to the speedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Many different pitches can be thrown just by adjusting how a person holds the ball. The reason release point is very key in throwing and pitching is because where someone releases the ball determines how accurate the throw or pitch is. When a person wants the ball to go straight to another person, when throwing, the ball should be released just below the head and straight to the other person. If the ball is released sooner, it w ill go way over their head. If you release it later, the ball will go towards the ground. Torque is also a concept related to throwing. When a person wants to make a quicker throw, they shorten their throwing arm which decreases the torque. When a longer throw is being made, the throwing arm would be stretched out which in turn increases the torque. Both of these types of throws can have the same force, but different torques. Another place to find physics concepts in softball is batting. The two types are bunting and swinging-away. A key factor in hitting is to be sure you are balanced (Rubinoff). When a person isnââ¬â¢t balanced it can throw off their whole swing and not only miss the ball, but also they may fall to the ground. That would be a very embarrassing moment, so the player always needs to be sure they are centered with gravity and balanced. When a person is bunting, they will pivot and turn towards the pitcher before the pitch or during the pitcherââ¬â¢s windup. The ball is released from the pitcherââ¬â¢s hand and it accelerates towards theShow MoreRelatedPhysics Roles in Golf634 Words à |à 3 PagesPhysics is in everything around us. It is in us driving a car, walking down the street, and pushing a child on a swing. Physics is also in every sport you have ever played, or watched someone play. It is involved in a baseball player swinging his bat, or a swimmer cutting through the water. It is also in golf. In this paper I will discuss three different ways that physics plays a role in the game of golf. The first is the motion of hitting the ball, or the swing, the second is the spin of the ballRead More The Physics behind Daredevil Motorcycle Jumpers Essay951 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Physics behind Daredevil Motorcycle Jumpers For a span of about 20 years only a few people were brave enough to be motorcycle stuntmen. Performing death defying jumps were and still are looked upon as a ââ¬Å"crazyâ⬠action. It takes much practice, natural skill, and planning for a stuntman to perform a successful jump. Of course practice is dictated by ones determination, skill is acquired with the combination of practice and good genes. And the planning has to do with physics. Sure one couldRead MoreEssay about The Physic of Paintball1567 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Physic of Paintball I.The Fundamentals of the Game of Paintball. Paintball is a sport that is still fairly new in the world being not much more that a decade old. This game as with other sports would not be possible without physics. Physics is essential to the game of paintball. Some of physics that are involved in paintball are pressurized gas, projectile motion, and the impulse of being hit by a paintball. As with all sports there is necessary equipment needed to play. The mostRead MoreThe Physics of Tennis Essay561 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Physics of Tennis I. Introduction Background: A friendly game of tennis is being played. Camera: pans away from the game and zooms to Sunne. Sunne: Hello, my name is Sunne. Today, my group, which consists of Ravi, Gramh, Whitney and myself, will portray how physics plays an essential role in one specific aspect of tennis. This aspect is the tennis racquet itself, which can only be mastered when the physics of it is completely understood. In this videoRead MoreThe Effect Of Physics On Soccer And How It Impacts The Overall Game1595 Words à |à 7 Pages Cowans 1 PHYSICS OF SOCCER Tatiyana Cowans Physics Ms.Moore 11/3/2015 Cowans 2 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION Soccer is an International sport played all over the world. Soccer consist of two teams trying to score a soccer ball into a goal on the opposing teamââ¬â¢s side of the field without using their arms or hands. This sport is straightforward and simple, but relates to physics in many ways. The basic movement of kicking a soccer ball requires forceRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1350 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Physics of Basketball The more and more I look around I begin to see how physics are integrated into practically everything that we do. These things would surely go unnoticed without making a conscious effort to notice them. For example simple things like riding a bike, or driving a car, or playing catch with a son or daughter. Just as these activities are loaded with elements of physics, sports are also, especially basketball. Physics play a part in every aspect of the game, from dribblingRead More The Physics of Football Essay1222 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Physics of Football There is no question that everything people do in their lives involves physics. This is true from the way we communicate to the way that we fight wars. In some cases the influence of the laws of physics on our world are extremely apparent, such as in sports. Basketball, hockey, baseball and even cricket involve physics. From the most basic motions players perform in the game, to different plays designed by coaches, physics touches it all. These appearances of physicsRead MoreFastest Growing Sport in America: Lacrosse792 Words à |à 3 PagesThe fastest growing sport in America is lacrosse, and in order to play lacrosse, it is important to first understand the physics of the game. Lacrosse players around the world use physics while playing without even thinking about it. With no knowledge of physics, it would be pretty difficult to master the fastest game on two feet. One of the worlds greatest scientist, Isaac Newton, established three laws dealing with physics, and using th ese laws will make it possible for a lacrosse player toRead MoreTennis Has Long Been A Favorite Sport Of Mine Due To The1632 Words à |à 7 PagesTennis has long been a favorite sport of mine due to the constant movement and the sense of suspension that it creates. The observer never knows what the players are going to do next with respect to where, how hard, or even how soft they will send or hit the ball. All of this movement is not just by chance however, physics is at work throughout every moment the ball is on the court. Starting with the basics we must look first at force. Force can be defined as the ââ¬Å"strength or energy exerted or broughtRead MoreEffect of Spin on the Trajectory of a Kicked Soccer Ball Essay1094 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction: I chose this project because soccer is one of the things I love to do. Soccer is one of the most popular sports across the whole world. In soccer being able to curve a soccer ball is very helpful for multiple reasons. One reason is to bend a ball around the a wall of players. Second to possibly score an amazing goal. And last of all to make a simple pass around a defender to a teammate. Anybody that plays soccer and enjoys it probably knows about the famous Roberto Carlos Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-37209383535096022432019-12-28T21:21:00.001-08:002019-12-28T21:21:02.732-08:00Timeline of the Greek Empire Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-71788288874353775402019-12-20T17:09:00.001-08:002019-12-20T17:09:03.162-08:00Substitute Products I Consider It `` Weak `` - 1347 Words â⬠¢ Substitute Products: I consider it ââ¬Å"weakâ⬠since the movie theater industryââ¬â¢s sales are not growing rapidly in comparison with the movie rental industry. People are substituting the movie theater experience with movies rentals, which could be watched at home at a lower cost. Moreover, people are also switching to movie rentals due to its convenience factors such as comfort, pausing the movie, inviting friends, etc. Therefore, I believe this force is the closest substitute for the movie theaters industry. â⬠¢ Rivalry Among Competing Sellers: due to the Buyer demand for movie rentals is continuously rising, competing sellers do not have the need to share away or steal existing customers from other competitors. So rivalry among competingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Even though there are a big number of suppliers in the market, suppliers could become greedy. For instance, if the HBO (supplier) has good quality products such as the TV shows of the year or the most viewed like ââ¬Å"Game of Thronesâ⬠, HBO could charge a big chunk for licensing its services to Netflix (buyer), which give HBO power over its buyers. If at the end, Netflix decided not to buy HBO services, another buyer like RedBox will buy the product. So RedBox may attract more customers, because the market decides what is trending. â⬠¢ New Entrants: Since the buyerââ¬â¢s demand is rising quickly, and technological advances have eased the entrance for competing businesses to emerge, I considered this a ââ¬Å"Highâ⬠force. I also think, that the entry barriers are low, because companies not necessarily need to pay suppliers for the high priced licensing services. They may negotiate a royalty fee on the buyerââ¬â¢s annual sales, which may favor even more suppliers. Thus, I believe there are a vast number of companies that could easily compete with the existing ones, and potentially offer the same or better service. c. I believe this is an attractive industry because there is a possibility of making good profits due to buyerââ¬â¢s demand is daily increasing, there are low entry barriers, and technological advances are contributing to grow the industry. Although there is a high threat from potential Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-34958359712111702992019-12-12T13:39:00.001-08:002019-12-12T13:39:03.150-08:00Plutarch Antony And Cleopatra Essay Example For Students Plutarch Antony And Cleopatra Essay In the first two Acts of the play we are introduced to some of the problems and dilemmas facing the couple such as the fact that they are entwined in an adulterous relationship, and that both of them are forced to show their devotion to Caesar. Along with being introduced to Antony and Cleopatras strange love affair, we are introduced to some interesting secondary characters. One of these characters is Enobarbus. Enobarbus is a high-ranking soldier in Antonys army who it seems is very close to his commander. We know this by the way Enobarbus is permitted to speak freely at least in private with Antony, and often is used as a person to whom Antony confides in. We see Antony confiding in Enobarbus in Act I, Scene ii, as Antony explains how Cleopatra is cunning past mans thought I.ii.146. In reply to this Enobarbus speaks very freely of his view of Cleopatra, even if what he says is very positive: her passions are made of nothing but the finest part of pure love. We cannot call her winds and waters sighs and tears; they are greater storms and tempests than almanacs can report. This cannot be cunning in her; if it be she makes a shower of rain as well as Jove. I, ii, 147-152 After Antony reveals that he has just heard news of his wifes death, we are once again offered an example of Enobarbus freedom to speak his mind, in that he tells Antony to give the gods a thankful sacrifice I.ii.162, essentially saying that Fulvias death is a good thing. Obviously, someone would never say something like this unless they were in very close company. While acting as a friend and promoter of Antony, Enobarbus lets the audience in on some of the myth and legend surrounding Cleopatra. Probably his biggest role in the play is to exaggerate Anthony and Cleopatras relationship. Which he does so well in the following statements: When she first met Mark Antony, she pursed up his heart, upon the river of Cydnus. II.ii.188-189 The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne, Burned on the water: the poop was beaten gold; Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were lovesick with them; the oars were silver, II.ii.193-197 And, for his ordinary, pays his heart For what his eyes eat only. II.ii.227-228 Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale Her infinite variety. II.ii.237-238 In these passages, Enobarbus turns Antonys and Cleopatras meeting into a fairy tale and leads the audience into believing the two are inseparable. His speeches in Act II are absolutely vital to the play in that this is what Shakespeare wants the audience to view Antony and Cleopatra. Also, in these passages, Cleopatra is described as irresistible and beautiful beyond belief another view that is necessary for us to believe in order to buy the fact thatà a man with so much to lose would be willing to risk it all in order to win her love. Quite possibly, these passages may hint that Enobarbus is himself in love with Cleopatra. After all, it would be hard to come up with such flowery language if a person were not inspired. Enobarbus may be lamenting his own passions vicariously through the eyes of Antony. This would be convenient in questioning Enobarbus loyalty, which becomes very important later on in the play considering he kills himself over grief from fearing he betrayed his leader. The loyalty of Enobarbus is indeed questionable. Even though we never hear him utter a single disparaging remark against Antony, he does admit to Menas that he will praise any man that will praise me II.iii.88, suggesting that his honor and loyalty may just be simple brown-nosing. Shakespeare probably fashioned Enobarbus as a means of relaying information to the audience that would otherwise be difficult or awkward to bring forth from other characters such as Cleopatras beauty and the story of her betrayal of Caesar, but he also uses him as way to inject some levity and humor in the play, showing the characters eagerness to have a good time. Evidence of this comes in Enobarbus affinity for drunkenness. .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 , .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .postImageUrl , .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 , .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7:hover , .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7:visited , .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7:active { border:0!important; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7:active , .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7 .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue673c7f78f7b8d373a65edb0a51bf7a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare the Methods Poets Use to Explore Ideas EssayIn both Act I and Act II Enobarbus purports the joys of drink: Bring in the banquet quickly: wine enough Cleopatras health to drink. I.ii.13-24 Mine, and most of our fortunes, tonight, shall be drunk to bed. I.ii.47-48 He even caps off Act II with a song for Bacchus and a request for drunken celebration. In short, Enobarbus is used as any good secondary character should be; he relays information between characters, exposes other characters and their traits, gives background information, and lets the audience in on his surroundings and the general moods and beliefs of the times he lived in. He is not just used as a database however, through his speeches and his actions we find a fully developed person, someone with thoughts, motives, and feelings all his own a character who cant be summed up in just a few sentences. Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-8363561996436214532019-12-05T00:13:00.001-08:002019-12-05T00:13:04.091-08:00Grassgro Report Proposal Questions Question: Write a report on Grassgro. Answer: Introduction The analysis done by Meat Livestock Australia along with various other reputed institutions and associated data analysis done by the GrassGro information processing system was performed to determine the profitability of sheep meat and wool organisations, and how certain vital variables like date of lambing, date of shearing, stocking rates and various other production factors affect the health, output and mortality of the livestock. A number of significant observations were obtained through this detailed analysis performed across four locations in south-eastern Australia, Mortlake, Rutherglen, Naracoorte and Cowra. Fourteen sheep enterprises were monitored and the simulations of the analysis were run over a time period of thirty seven years. Wool production of Australia has declined over the years as a result of a significant drop in sheep numbers due to drought conditions, though lamb numbers have increased in recent times[1]. Wool is one of the most important export commodities of the country and as such concerns have been raised regarding this particular crisis. Main Body When is the right time to lamb? A: It was observed that good breed Merino ewes used in dual purpose enterprises were the most profitable strain. Replacement ewes were more profitable than ewes produced by local breeding. The improvement and refinement of the lambing and stocking rates can vastly increase the profit margins. Stocking rate increase can enhance the economic benefit of lamb time change. Appropriate guidelines for the perfect lambing time for each of the involved enterprises were laid down by evaluating the reports. Stocking rates had the biggest impact on an enterprises gross profit margin. Certain other factors were also investigated like the body frame size of a ewe, percentage of weaning, the weight of a lamb carcass and other variables relating to the timing of sale of a carcass. One of the most vital inductions obtained was the profitable impact of lambing in late winter or early spring. According to the patterns observed in the statistical data derived from the GrassGro analysis, it has been observed that for Merino ewes, the conceptions rates are extremely high for mating which were done in early half of a year, especially in the months from January to May. The percentage rates of successful conception were 110 percent for a mating date first January, 120 percent for first February, 130 percent for first March, 130 percent for first April and 120 percent for first May. This increase in the rate of successful conception show that for Merino breeds, the best time of lambing is during early spring during the months of August and September. Higher percentage of single lambs were produced if breeding is done during this time period, and there is about 80 to 70 percentage probability of a single offspring being born , and 20 to 30 percentage of twin lambs being born. The lambs were born during the months of August and September, when the breeding were done during the ear ly spring season[2]. For crossbred species, the successful conception rates were very high during the same months when the Merino breed mated. The sheep that mated during first November had a 105 percentage of successful conception, those that mated in first December had 120 percent success rate, for first January the rate was 135 percent, for first February the rate observed was 148 percent, for first march the arte shot up to 156 percent and it remained the same for the mating date of first April and went down to 145 percent for a mating date of first May. A particular fact was observed, that in case of crossbred species, the offspring produced had a higher probability of being twins, rather than born single. 40 to 45 percent chance of the lamb being born single and about 50 to 58 percent chance of the lamb being born twins. Thus, late winter and early spring in the months of July, August and September is the best breeding and lambing time for crossbred species[3]. When is the right shearing date? A: Data obtained from the long term gross profit margin tables show that for the primary or main flock ,a summer shearing date during the months of October December that flows a lambing date of November is the most profitable time to shear, as no detrimental health effects have been seen during this period. A timeline of November lambing and December shearing shows a net gross profit margin of 228 dollars per hectare October shearing with November lambing yields a profit of around 229 dollars per hectare. However, October shearing with December Lambing produced a larger gain of 235 dollars per hectare. Values for the younger stock show November lambing with December shearing to be the most profitable[4]. Now taking into account all the necessary expenses like new livestock purchasing feeds and medicines, replacements and animal husbandry costs, shearing and pasturing costs, it is seen that October or December Shearing with November or December lambing yields the most profitable gross margins. What is the effect of timing of lambing and date of shearing on mortality rate of lambs? A: Amongst all the different varieties, numbers of the Merino breed of sheep has declined the fastest. Currently, the number of ewes in the Merino population of the country is much more than rams. Recent trends have resulted in an increase in lamb production as it is now considered to be the main source of revenue for farmers and breeders[5]. Early pregnancy shearing of ewe has been shown to result in the birth of twin lambs of increased birth weight. This causes a reduction in the mortality rates of twin born lambs. With an increase in lamb birth weight, there was a noticeable decrease in the mortality rate by 3 percent[6]. Conclusion The concerned case studies and reports provide data and observable patterns regarding the effect stocking rates have on the profits and volatility of sheep breeding enterprises. The detailed analysis of all the financial data-bases have highlighted a strong linear relationship that is existent between the values of kg meat/ha or kg wool/ha with the gross margin or profit of an enterprise and sheep stocking rate , shearing and lambing timings have been identified as the primary driver of these factors. References "1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003". 2016.Abs.Gov.Au. "Lambing At The Right Time - The First Step To Increasing Sheep Profits". 2016.Farmpoint.Tas.Gov.Au. "Sheep - Lamb Survival: Coping With Adverse Spring Weather - Clutha Vets". 2016.Cluthavets.Co.Nz. "Sheep 201: Weaning Lambs". 2016.Sheep101.Info. "Sheep Shearing Why And When". 2016. Ranching-With-Sheep.Com. MORRIS, KENYON, BURNHAM, and McCUTCHEON. 1999. "The Influence Of Pre-Lamb Shearing On Lamb Birthweight And Survival".Proceedings Of The New Zealand Grassland Association. [1] "1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003". 2016. Abs.Gov.Au. [2] "Lambing At The Right Time - The First Step To Increasing Sheep Profits". 2016. Farmpoint.Tas.Gov.Au. [3] "Sheep 201: Weaning Lambs". 2016. Sheep101.Info. [4] "Sheep Shearing Why And When". 2016. Ranching-With-Sheep.Com. [5] MORRIS, KENYON, BURNHAM, and McCUTCHEON. 1999. "The Influence Of Pre-Lamb Shearing On Lamb Birthweight And Survival". Proceedings Of The New Zealand Grassland Association. [6] "Sheep - Lamb Survival: Coping With Adverse Spring Weather - Clutha Vets". 2016. Cluthavets.Co.Nz. Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-11755232850644796102019-11-28T08:47:00.001-08:002019-11-28T08:47:03.727-08:00Totto-Chan a Little Girl Sitting by the Window Essay ExampleTotto-Chan a Little Girl Sitting by the Window Paper It is a diary of the author named Outsets Groaning who also has a lovely nickname Toto-chain. The word diary maybe not as exact as the one memoirs because she wrote this book base on her memory since she was a child. Call her Toto-chain (it Is much easier than reading her full name). Reading this book makes me admire her a lot although at that time she was only a little girl. If you read this book I bet you will be surprised a lot because of her thought and behavior. How simple and mature (Included Immature) she Is. Let have a read and see the way she treated everyone around her, the way she faced and reflected all the events In that period. Everything was described with the simple words Like a story of a primary- girl, but they are very attractive and you can easily Image the whole picture of Japan at that time. Toothache was an active and clever child. She could spend several hours to tell her favorite stories or to play anything she loved to. We will write a custom essay sample on Totto-Chan a Little Girl Sitting by the Window specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Totto-Chan a Little Girl Sitting by the Window specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Totto-Chan a Little Girl Sitting by the Window specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Toothache was expelled from her first primary school because she always made noise to be paid attention, she liked to do everything herself naturally (of course every teachers Hough that was wrong and Toto-chain was out of rule). Toots;-chain moved to the new primary one named Tome Gangue where she met Mr.. Sickbays, an admirable headmaster. At that time, Mr.. Sickbays was said to be a model teacher because of his strange education method (of course he was going on the right way but not too many parents believed in his program so that Tome had only fifty pupils). He spent a lot of time to go to many countries all over the world to study and find the most suitable method to apply in his country, his school. He knew that teaching children in primary level was synonymous with showing them how to improve their good heartsickness. At school Tome, all of the pupils were never offered doing something strictly. Mr.. Sickbays created the best condition for them to express themselves naturally. No subjects were forced, children completely could study whatever they want. The teachers work was helping them when they need. Toto-chain and other pupils In Tome all loved the headmaster with a bald head. Toto-chain had the strong Impression on Mr.. Sickbays because on the 1st day she moved to this school, he was the only one sitting in nearly 4 hours to hear all her analogical stories no louts could be patient like that. School Tome Gangue was built by the old railroad cars. If I were a child at the same time with Toto-chain, I would Like to study In this special school. Looking at Tome, It realized everyone a train moving In the autumn sunshine, It satisfied the curiousness of the pupils and excited their creation. Toto- chain was a little girl, everything happened around her was realized with a simple mind. She always took care on everyone around her, from her family, her classmates, even her chickens, her dog Rocky by a simple way but moving. Each pupil in Tome ad a tree to watered, Toothache had one and she loved to climb on the tree and see so far away to image Osaka city. Yashmak-chain was a disable children who was one of the Toothaches classmates. He was paralytic and could not move easily. Rearing ten part wanly scarred lotto-can Nellie Yashmak-can to calms on near tree, to show him Where was Osaka city? was very touching (This book has only 60 short parts. And in part 56, Yashmak-chain died because of his disease. In part 59, Toto-chain lost Rocky, a dog, a close friend of her. I hate these parts of looses > Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-4182539598037983422019-11-24T16:21:00.001-08:002019-11-24T16:21:02.904-08:0020 Quotes for People Who Would Rather Be at the Beach20 Quotes for People Who Would Rather Be at the Beach Its time to head to the beach. The wind blows through your hair. The warm sun bathes your skin. Soft, golden sand caresses your feet. The waves sing to a perfect rhythm and the coconut trees gently sway against the breeze. If you love the sun and the sea, the beach is the right destination for you. So, grab your suntan lotion and your Frisbee and go frolicking to the beach. For those times when you are not at the beach, get into the right state of mind with beachy quotes. Annie Dillard ï » ¿The sea pronounces something, over and over, in a hoarse whisper; I cannot quite make it out. Isak Dinesen The cure for anything is salt water - sweat, tears, or the sea. H. M. Tomlinson Most of us, I suppose, are a little nervous of the sea. No matter what its smiles may be, we doubt its friendship. Ambrose Bierce Ocean: A body of water occupying two-thirds of a world made for man, who has no gills. Anne Morrow Lindbergh The sea does not reward those who are too anxious, too greedy, or too impatient. One should lie empty, open, choiceless as a beach - waiting for a gift from the sea. One cannot collect all the beautiful shells on the beach; one can collect only a few, and they are more beautiful if they are few. Henry Beston The three great elemental sounds in nature are the sound of rain, the sound of wind in a primeval wood, and the sound of outer ocean on a beach. Isaac Newton To myself, I am only a child playing on the beach, while vast oceans of truth lie undiscovered before me. William Manchester The coconut trees, lithe and graceful, crowd the beach like a minuet of slender elderly virgins adopting flippant poses. G. K. Chesterton Where does a wise man kick a pebble? On the beach. Where does a wise man hide a leaf? In the forest. Michelle Held Dont grow up too quickly, lest you forget how much you love the beach. Farmers Almanac A real friend is someone who takes a winter vacation on a sun-drenched beach and does not send a card. T. S. Eliot I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. Henry David Thoreau My life is like a stroll on the beach... as near to the edge as I can go. William Stafford Even the upper end of the river believes in the ocean. Corey Hart Along the beach, I never collected shells from my fathers shore. Barbara Wilson Thats where we used to put our chairs. Way out there where that wave is rolling. Our beach is under that water. Anne Spencer One cannot collect all the beautiful shells on the beach. Cathy Haynes The more we have growth along our beaches and barrier islands, shelter is always going to be an issue. Charles Williams I dont care how much lip service they give you about it, there is this culture in Atlantic Beach that believes this nonsense is okay. Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-38808690200964400132019-11-21T07:46:00.001-08:002019-11-21T07:46:11.551-08:00Community studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1Community studies - Essay Example The first method that can be used is the formation of controlled social institutions. This involves formation of centralized and controlled development initiatives such as training centers, Polytechnics among others. These are controlled by the relative government authorities in order to provide education aimed at avoiding overexploitation of resources. Through these institutions, individuals can get to learn different skills as well as how to manage the different scarce resources that is available. The second method that can be employed is encouraging environmental sustainability in the community. This can be done by educating people the importance of practicing sound environmental processes aimed at preservation. For example, conservation of water and water catchment areas and forests, and managing the utilization of natural resources like wood. Wider goals involve global environmental protection through campaigns that educate people on the importance of cutting down carbon emissio n that has contributed to global warming (Wulfhorst & Haugestad, 2006). Economic Sustainability is the other method that can be employed. It involves effective management of capital including human-capital, natural- capital and knowledge- capital. Irreversible resource depletion should be avoided or controlled, for instance mining and oil exploration. Other measures include implementing affordable tax structure, as well as proper fiscal and monetary policies. Finally, the use of social sustainability can be applied. This involves effective management of social relations within a community including how the members of the society relate with each other. This can be achieved through allowing various social freedoms such as freedom of religion, congregation or association. Implementation of social initiatives such as community projects bring people together and enhance social relationships (Wulfhorst & Haugestad, 2006). All these practices Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-36462344620682394812019-11-20T10:01:00.001-08:002019-11-20T10:01:04.556-08:00The Christian Symbols of Cross and the Body of Christ Essay - 6The Christian Symbols of Cross and the Body of Christ - Essay Example Godââ¬â¢s purpose for creating Adam was His desire to replicate Himself, reproduction of Himself and He implemented this in the Garden of Eden. Adam was God manifested in the flesh in the Garden of Eden. In Copelandââ¬â¢s teaching, it was a way to show that racism was not in Gods mind. Those disagreeing with this use the bible to militate against Copelandââ¬â¢s teaching. Adam was not God manifested in the flesh. Jesus was exceptional in this respect (John 1:14). Beyond that, Adam was undeniably subordinate to God (Copeland, audiotape #01-0304, side 1). Copeland alleged that Jesus became a demonic being on the cross: Copeland insists "Satan dominated Jesus on the Cross and took His spirit to the dark regions of hell Copeland's description of Christ's ordeal in the hell is nothing short of chilling. He (Jesus) allowed Himself to come under Satans control" (Copeland, audiotape #02-0017, side 2). Copeland stated that the physical death on the cross did not pay the price for sin and that anybody could do that. According to him all prophets that walked on earth guided by the Abrahamic covenant would have paid the price if it were for the physical death (Copeland, audiotape #02-0017, side 2). Those in disagreement with Copelandââ¬â¢s allegation say because of Jesusââ¬â¢ atoning sacrifice on the cross, people who have their faith and trust in Him (Jesus) alone for salvation are guaranteed endless life (John 3:16). However, Jesus called His disciples to take up their cross and follow Him "If any of you wants to be my follower, you must turn from your selfish ways, take up your cross, and follow Me." Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-7375054659633860592019-11-18T02:23:00.001-08:002019-11-18T02:23:04.168-08:00Closing argument (persuasive) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsClosing argument (persuasive) - Essay Example George Miltonââ¬â¢s action was necessary. He has no other choice but to take away the life of Lennie. George should not be accused of any crime or he should not be considered guilty. George knows Lennie quite obviously. He is acquainted with Lennie so much that he knows that Lennie is always ready to harm himself with his activities. Lennie is not fully mentally fit and performs acts that are disadvantageous for him and he is not aware of this fact. Such as Lennie has hidden a dead mouse in his pocket, which can be epidemically harmful for him. George took it away from him but he again put it into his pocket. ââ¬Å"George stood up and threw the mouse as far as he could into the darkening brush, and then he stepped to the pool and washed his hands. "You crazy fool. Dont you think I could see your feet was wet where you went acrost the river to get it?" He heard Lennies whimpering cry and wheeled about. "Blubberin like a baby! Jesus Christ! A big guy like you." Lennies lip quivered and tears started in his eyes. "Aw, Lennie!" George put his hand on Lennies shoulder. "I aint takin it away jus for meanness. That mouse aint fresh, Lennie; and besides, youve broke it pettin it." (Steinbeck 5) Lennie wants to pet a dead mouse without considering that it can cause a disease. George takes it away and throws it away twice. George wants to correct Lennie at each and every incidence by guiding him to do the rightful. He knows that his friend mishandles every creature whether it is an animal or a human being. Such as when Curleyââ¬â¢s wife allows him to play with her hair, he mishandles them and at last, kills the woman by mistake. He is unable to feel that he becomes a reason for killing creatures by his mishandling. ââ¬Å"She struggled violently under his hands. Her feet battered on the hay and she writhed to be free; and from under Lennies hand came a muffled screaming. Lennie began to cry with fright. "Oh! Please dont do none of that," he begged. Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7489027822907997476.post-44404171735547997922019-11-15T14:55:00.001-08:002019-11-15T14:55:05.580-08:00Giddens Theory of Social Practices | AnalysisGiddens Theory of Social Practices | Analysis The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the rationale behind Giddens theory of social practices and offer in depth of complexity and its complex adaptive systems in relation to managing strategic discourse. Several views and ideas have been expressed by many authors and practitioners concerning complexity and strategy. Therefore the scope of the paper is limited to how strategy evolves in a complex adaptive system. In this context, complexity will be explained, highlight on core competencies and resource-based view of the firms; then debate on strategy while discussing the characteristics of strategic thinking and planning and those involved in it. The paper is concluded having critically analysed the kind of leadership style suited for managing diverse human behaviour and its surroundings during the strategic actions. Mitleton-Kelly (2002) linked social practices to a self-organisational context, whereby group of individuals suddenly congregate to perform a task, the group decides on what to do, why they should perform that task, who will be involved and how will it be done. So there is an interdependency and inter-connectivity among the entities involved (Kauffman, 1993). According to Wenger and Snyder (2000) social practices evolve from community of practice which shows how people interact with their surroundings and solving problems through human relationships. So Giddens (1979) opine that ââ¬Å"social practices are situated activitiesâ⬠brings to bare the social interaction of human actions within a structure and the system. According to Cooper et al. (1992) the increasing competition, rise of global markets and growing economic integration has brought dramatic change in industrial developments and management. And these have increased uncertainty, greater conflict and even complexities running across all organisations. Citing example is conflicts between profit maximization within the industry an organisation operates and care for the environment. This is causing organisations to constantly redefine their mindsets (Senge, 1990) to radically rethink of how to gain competitive advantage in the dynamic business environment (McHardy, 1997). Mitleton-Kelly (2001, p. 3) viewed organisational complexity as: ââ¬Å"being associated with the intricate inter-relationships of individuals, of individuals with artefacts (such as IT) and with ideas, and with effects of inter-actions within the organisation, as well as between institutions within a social ecosystemâ⬠. Holland (1975) who impelled Complex Adaptive System (CAS) viewed it as ââ¬Å"non-linear systems whose behaviour is determined by the interaction of its adaptive partsâ⬠. The interaction is between the organisation and its environment (Sherif, 2006). Cilliers (2000) stated that the non-linearity of the interactions in a system is a precondition for complexity. According to Mitleton-Kelly (2001) the ideology on strategy and changes in management is due to the fact that organisations is observed as a complex evolving systems whereby the interacting agents changes with time (Cillier, 2000). Today, businesses faces more challenges because of the intricacy global network of organisations which propels managers to take pragmatics decisions (Pathak, et al., 2007). According to Choi and Hong (2002) the structural complexities of the supply chain interconnectedness and ability for an organisation to rapidly learn and get acclimatized to the dynamic environment to ensure long-term survival (Brown and Eisenhardt, 1998) has been the embryonic themes that managers usually encounter in decision making. Amaral and Uzzi (2007) commented on the complexity in the managerial context, stating that complex systems occurs when more interacting agents are impel to act on their limited resources and local information. The agents may be individuals, group, specialized knowledge, organisations, industries, etc, (Holland and Miller, 1991: Allen, 1997). Author such as Kanter (1989) acknowledged the significance for an organisation to endeavour to do more with less, stating that ââ¬Å"the imperative to do more with less is a common management theme across a range of industriesâ⬠. Thus becoming productive and efficient with fewer resources. According to Bovaird (2008) the complexity theory which demonstrates the concept of planning in an open system is abstractly embedded with elemental difficulties. The implementation of CAS oriented approach and behavioral adaptive system helps organization to improve their decision making that will increase the efficiency and the awareness of competition and as much as preparing for external uncertainties (Abell et al. 1999). Example of a company that have benefited from implementing the CAS principles into their operational activities include; Boeings move which reduced its risk of expensive tumble supply networks delays by redesigning of the 787 Dreamliner supply network. Equally, companies such as Nokia, quickly learn to be adaptive in their behaviour in ââ¬Ëhyper-competitive environment. In the case of Nokia and Ericsson, a fire outbreak to their sole supplier (Philips) for particular chip interrupted the supply of chips to both manufactures. Whiles Ericsson suffered an estima ted loss of $2.34 billion, Nokia quickly connected with Philips to create an alternative supply options that will ensure regular supply of the chips to Nokia (Sheffi and Rice, 2005). Barney (1991) identified the economic and ââ¬Ëhyper-competitive environment as drivers of resource-base viewed which requires strategic and self-management of the cost and scarcity of resources (Griffiths, 2004) so as to generate superior returns (Priem and Butler, 2001). So the hyper-competitive environment also influences the frequency and level of strategic activities (Eisenhardt and Santos, 2002). Mintzberg (1987) defined strategy in five terms: plan; ploy; pattern; position; and perspective. Similarly, Abraham (2005) viewed strategic thinking as identifying possible business models that results in customer value. According to Pryor et al. (1998) the traditional way of strategic planning was familiarize to quantitative analysis where the strategies were planned based on results or analysed data without strategically thinking of the implementers (low level employees) of the strategic plan. Mintzberg (1994) and Boar (2000) distinguish strategic planning or action as the progeny of strategic thinking. Thus, whereas the thinking involves synthesis encouraging intuitive, innovative and creative thinking at all levels of the organisation, the planning is concern with analysis establishing and formalising systems and procedures (Heracleous, 1998). This is shown in figure 1. Mintzberg (1994) and Boar (2000) concluded that good strategic planning can only be implemented after strategic thinking had occurred. Mitleton-Kelly (2001) express that the ideology on strategy and changes in management is due to the fact that organisations is observed as a complex evolving systems whereby the interacting agents changes with time (Cillier, 2000). Kauffman (1997) and Maturana (1997) argue that strategies should be designed as an adaptive move towards the changing business environment. However, adaptive organisations encounter conflicting constraints within their internal organisation an d the environment within which it interacts. This Kauffman refers to as ââ¬Ëcomplexity catastrophe (Kauffman, 1993). Kauffman and Macready (1995) identified Information Technology (IT) and the growing of social network as the major constraints to adaptive system. Therefore, modelling of complexity requires the strategist and practitioners to model organisations especially how human and structural capitals interact with the use of IT systems as well as modelling of the environment to overcome the complexity catastrophe (Sanderson, 1998). Masaaki Imai, a leading Tokyo based management consultant argued that identifying an organisations resource-based view such as its resources and capabilities is critical in determining its strategic action (Imai, n.d). In support of this, Hitt et al. (2009) express that a firms chosen business strategy should be made to exploit its core competences relative to the anticipated opportunities in the external environment. According to Porter (1996) an organisation will survive in this dynamic business environment when it is able to differentiate its strategy by creating its core competency that gives the organisation a competitive advantage over its competitors. Porter re-emphasise that an organisation can boast of good strategy only when its difficult for its competitors to catch up/imitate what it does. He argued that a business model that does not offer an organisation a sustainable competitive advantage is not a good strategy since its competitors can offer the same product to the ma rket. Bonn (2001) suggested three core attributes as the prerequisite for the successful occurrence of strategic thinking. These include recognising the linkages and complexity of the relationships existing between an organisation and its environment in a holistic way, creativity by reviewing the old ideas and practices and merging it with new ideas and having a vision for the organisation. Nonetheless, a viable vision and mission of an organisation should be flexible so as to conform to an ever-changing business environment (Wilson, 1998). Besides the outcome of managing the firms tangible and intangible resources will be the firms strategic competitiveness (Hitt et al., 2009). The diagram illustrates the outcome of strategic actions. According to Abraham (2005) the strategy is all about winning and can only be achieved through strategic thinking and planning. Strategic processes have shifted from the processes of strategic learning by organizations (Crossan and Berdrow, 2003) to an increasing strategy as a social practice (Jarzabkowski, 2005). Similarly, Eisenhardt and Brown (1998) argue that modern strategy has shifted from the traditional way of building long-term defensible positions to a continuous adaptation and improvement into the business environment. Abraham (2005) pointed out that differentiation in terms of finding a technique/innovative way to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage (increasing customer value and profit) is one of the challenges of strategic thinking. However, Sanderson (1998) claim that in this modern era, the ability for an organisation to manage knowledge and the resultant changes in organisation is the main key to think of and obtain strategic advantage and become successfully competitive. On the other hand, the complex changes and continuous quest to gain competitive advantage (Abraham, 2005) has led to the growth of co-operation such as strategic alliances and joint venture to respond to the hostile and turbulent environment (Sanderson, 1998). In a keynote speech by the president and chief operating officer of Coca Cola Company Munich, Kent (2008) stated that the sustainable future of an organisation is not achievable without sustainable leaders and leadership. Moreover sustainable leadership will necessitate organisations to build strong culture of sustainability. Leadership plays a major role in affecting decision processes (Chung and McLarney, 1999) since members within a structure mostly depends on powerful leaders to initiate decisions (Schneider and Shrivastava, 1988). According to Hambrick and Mason (1984) strategy is usually made and executed at the upper hierrarchial levels. Thus the most strategists within an organization is the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and their top management teams and the board of directors of which Whittington (2006) classified them as practitioners. Simultaneously, their profession which includes writing, presenting, communicating, meetings, consulting, etc also requires certain practices such as thinking, analyzing and acting (Angwin et al., 2009). However, Macus (2008) perceive the boards as a strategic resource of an organization that influences its performance. Figure 3 illustrates strategic as practice approach. Boar (2000) stated that a strategist thinks about many issues in multiple dimensions at many levels of abstraction and detail over time (past, present and future) whiles the planning or action processes of the strategy requires cost and time of which all strategists must take that into consideration (Linn, 2008). So the role of strategists is to instill a sense of vision that the staffs of the organisation will work towards (Hamal and Prahalad, 1993) and not to specify every move in advance. According to Simpson (1998) strategy is centered towards the future, hence an effective and efficient strategists is to understand the history of the organisation, its leadership and the industry it operates, then study the successful and unsuccessful initiative the organisation has engaged over the past 5-10 years as well as to enable plan for the future years. In the situation whereby different entities engage in an interaction to undertake a project, a complex inter-relationship is created (Mitleton-Kelly 2001). In this case, a consultant can be hired to help both entities in strategising the planning of the project in order to reap mutual benefit ( ). Also the transfer of knowledge and information to accomplish any task is determine by the level of connectedness and relationship within the actors (Kauffman, 1993). However, Mitzberg (1994 ) criticize the proponents of strategic planning stating that it is deceptive for strategists who are detached from the business operations to f orecast occurrences for an organisation and its industry of operation and that formalising procedures to produce strategy is also a fallacy instead of operationalising on already existing strategies. Equally Collins and Parcas (1994) argue it is a myth that ââ¬Å"successful companies make their best moves by brilliant and complex strategic planningâ⬠. Instead the moves made by visionary companies is through series of experiments, trials and error and then take opportunity on those that work perfectly for them. In view of this, Mitleton-Kelly (2001) also stated that trying different strategies exposes organisations to risk. Wenger and Snyder (2000) suggested setting up of ââ¬Å"communities of practiceâ⬠as one of the best structures for developing strategic thinking. This structure creates thinking environment which involves experienced managers and employees from different sectors and geographical areas to share their skill, knowledge and experiences to develop strategies or business models that influences the future of the company considering the three timing dimensions- past, present and future (Boar, 2000). This structure is similar to the multi-disciplinary project team. Bonn (2001) identified strategic forum as another structures for developing strategic thinking. She argued that this proactive approach should involve successful managers with a proven track record in their own disciplines to focus on areas that will benefit the long-term health of the organisation. According to Kennedy (2005) the diverse cultural values of employees makes managers grapple with complex issues and systems which requires many intangible aspects as tangible ones. Mantere and Whittington (2007) stated that understanding human behavior in a system is really complex. MacGregorââ¬Ës (1960) classical division in management theories distinguishes human beings into Theory X and Y. The former are the individuals who are self-interested, work-avoiding and passive whiles the later refers to those who are responsible, communitarian and willing to learn. McGregor (1960) re-emphasize that strategic action will successfully be implemented only when the managers are able to determine the behaviours of the subordinates, the value system and their confidence in the subordinate (Tannenbaum and Schmidt, 1958) and influence them to achieve positive result. Argyris (1956) argue that subordinates who are immature (Theory X) requires an autocratic leadership style whereas the matured ones (Theory Y) require a democratic leadership style. Morison (1967) on the other hand re-emphasized that organisation whose management flexibly gives its staff lot of latitude to plan strategically are better-off than organisations whose managers are autocratic in making decisions. In view of this, Fiedlers (1967) contingency model suggest that the ability of the managers is to carefully assess the situation and choose a suitable dominant style to improve their leadership role in revitalizing the vision of the organization. However, Calder et al. (1977) argued that despite complexity involves managing human being; the existence of leadership is only a perception. Simpson (1998) identified communication, performance measures, reward systems and training programs as the main driving force that influences strategic actions. Effective communication through knowledge and information sharing in an organisation will enable the strategy to be acted upon in the appropriate direction. Hopkins and Hopkins (2002) stated that interactions among group of people simultaneously influences their group actions and is observed as the key predictor of group performance (Kanki et al., 1991). Tziner and Vardi (1983) pointed out ââ¬Å"higher quality of problem solving, greater productivity and efficiency, better achievement and greater group satisfactionâ⬠as the benefits of smooth interactions among members of a group. However, Ziegler et al. (2000) argues that the effectiveness of group interaction can be negatively affected (Steiner, 1976) in the situation whereby a single person is dominating a group interaction to solve complex task. Simpson (1998) conti nue to express that measuring the performance of the executed plan will assist the organisation to spotlight on the most important whiles improving upon the performances. Rewards and compensation on the other hand motivates the staffs to make the strategic plan a reality by achieving positive results. Moreover the organisation should organise training programs to psychologically work on the staffs attitudes and skills whiles executing the strategic plans. Furthermore, Stasser et al. (1989) made an interesting comment that most of the best contribution and supports to solutions or complex task is normally generated from ad hoc informal board interactions which occurs outside committee or board meetings among the directors. Ruppert (2009) also emphasise that informal discussion among board members, top management and stakeholders, occurs at the golf course, spending sometime at the beach, pub or restaurant when drinking beer. According to Coutts et al. (2005) the aforementioned places by Ruppert (2009) leads to social development and contributes to team performance within an organisation. DAvani and MacMillan (1990) suggest that managers should not dwell much on previous success because of the dynamic business environment as it is easy for such managers to fall prey to what Duhaime and Schwenk (1985) term as ââ¬Å"illusion of controlâ⬠. In addition Ansoff (1984) argue that general managers who perform satisfactorily and succeed in an environment does not give them the assurance of succeeding on a different environment where there is lower or higher level of business turbulence (cited in Mantere and Whittington, 2007). According to Linn (2008) one of the concepts that organisations must consider during strategic planning processes is the SWOT analysis. This gives detailed account of the organisation strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats of the competitive environment. Mantere and Whittington (2007) claim that the SWOT analysis is one of the most popular strategic tool that has been adopted as business policy to flexibly develop and sha pe strategists and practitioners. The outcome of strategic actions from interacting with the environmental forces provides the platform for organisational learning when the experiences of these outcomes is then feed back into the scanning and interpretation processes (Chung and McLarney, 1999). In support of this, Ashby (1969) re-emphasise that an organisation can survive in a complex system by exploring its space of possibilities thus continuously scanning the landscape and encouraging alternative strategies. On the other hand, the feedback helps in identifying ones strength and specifity of asset (Sherif, 2006). Furthermore, Prigogine and stengers (1985) claim that feedback from implemented strategic plans either being positive or negative helps to create stability in complex system through a precise prediction of the agents behaviour and planning accordingly (cited in Mtleton-Kelly, 2001). Strategic processes have some shortcomings (Tavakoli and Lawton, 2005). The authors argue that normally the knowledge and experience of the front line employees are not incorporated into the information gathered during the strategic thinking process. On the other hand, the authors argue that the absence of the senior management may also mismatch the mission of the organisation. Even though strategic planning usually occurs at the top of organizations (Christensen et al., 1982), Bourgeois and Brodwins (1984) claim that organizations perform better when strategic thinking and planning is delegated downwards so as to benefit from the information gathered at frontline. Moreover, Hambrick (1987) argue that strategic success is assured when the entire top management team share common values and posses qualities that robustly fits into evolving competitive environment. To conclude strategy is recognized as an organizational phenomenon which is significant for organizational performance and growth. Strategic practices never ends so long as there continue to be complex evolving system hence understanding the nature of complex system is important. Therefore adapting to such systems which has been challenged by practitioners requires good leadership that will promote knowledge sharing and learning in engaging into strategic thinking and planning. Finally in solving a chosen set of problem(s), strategists must sample its strategic ideas and apply the ideas from the past, present towards the future so as to fit into the organizations vision. REFERENCES Abell, B., Serra, R., and Wood, R. (1999) Strategic thinking and the new science 9Book Review), Emergence, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 71-79. Abraham, S. (2002) Talking Strategy: Dan Bane, CEO of Trader Joes, Strategy Leadership, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 30-32. Abraham, S. (2005) Stretching strategic thinking, Strategy and Leadership, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 5-12. Allen P.M. (1997) Cities and Regions As Self-Organising Systems: Model of Complexity, Environmental Problems Social Dynamics Series, Vol.1. Amaral, L.A.N. and Uzzi, B. (2007) Complex systems-A new paradigm for the integrative study of management, physical and technology systems, Management Science, Vol. 53, pp. 1033-1035. Angwin, D., Paroutis, S. and Mitson, S. (2009) Connecting Up Strategy: Are Senior Strategy Directors A Missing Link? 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(1998) New approaches to strategy: new ways of thinking for the millennium, Management Decision, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 9-13. Schneider, S.C. and Shrivastava, P. (1988) Basic assu Rationalism in Architecture: 18th and 20th Century Rationalism in Architecture: 18th and 20th Century Introduction Rationalism began as a 17th century ideology that led to the Enlightenment, a period in history where reason was the primary instrument for justifying and understanding the hows and whys of things and circumstances. The Enlightenment was a time where concrete evidence through scientific research flourished and Rationalism influenced all field of endeavors and even simple daily tasks.[1] In layman terms, to be rational is to be understandable, measurable or definite. Using this as premise, Rationalism in architecture therefore pertains to accuracy in designing and building the height, breadth or depth of a structure. Architectural Rationalism was a solid evidence of the Enlightenment influence in the field of architecture. It continues to persist in the modern world as an independent art movement though much of the modern Rationalist designs have little resemblance to Enlightenment architecture. Henceforth, this essay attempts to contextualize Rationalism by differentiating its two variants: 18th century Rationalism and the recent 20th century development. The similarities and differences of their respective designs and, if possible, functions are noted to give us an idea on how Rationalism has evolved as an architectural ideology. The essay also includes discussions on sub-movements, their pioneers and their trademarks. 18th Century Rationalism The Enlightenment Architectural Rationalism was focused on being symmetrical, having accurate measurements of classic shapes, and functionality. It clearly reflected the spirit of the times where science, mathematics and logic were at the peak of their influence. Neoclassicism was a widespread movement under the Rationalist wing. It was established in reaction to the flamboyant and seemingly excessive Baroque and Rococo styles. During the neoclassicist boom, many artworks and structural designs of the classical Graeco-Roman era were recalled together with the architectural works of Italian Andrea Palladio.[2] The movement was named neoclassical, as opposed to pure classicism, as not every classical design was applied therein. Neoclassicists only selected from the wide array of designs those feasible to society. Neoclassicist designs were characterized as follows: symmetry, columns that functioned as support, minimalistic design composed of basic geometric shapes, and an overlaid triangular gable commonly known as pediment. The symmetry, functionality, and geometrical aspects of the neoclassicist movement were defining characteristics of the Rationalist ideology.[3] The Pediment[4] A Column[5] Existing in the 16th century towards the culmination of the Renaissance period, Andrea Palladio was the first known architect to revive and apply the classical designs of Graeco-Roman society in many villas, palaces and basilicas. His architecture became an essential foundation of Enlightenment Architecture. As a dedicated follower of Vitruvius and his timeless principle of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, Palladio carefully ensured that his structural designs were durable, useful, and attractive as stipulated by Vitruvius in his ten-volume masterpiece De Architectura. Palladio was also particular about proportions and putting a purpose on every structural component.[6] For instance, a portico or terrace must be utilized in such a way that the surrounding scenery was seen in its full glory. He wanted geographical attributes of the estate to match with the houses structural design. The palazzos, villas and basilicas he designed displayed the intermingling values of beauty and the social environment and position of their respective owners. An urban palazzo was different from a provincial palazzo; likewise, an agricultural villa was different from a residential villa. Palladio designed structures according to their context.[7] Palladio had contributed several design innovations in public buildings and churches. Most Palladian works were made of affordable materials, usually stucco, traditionally made with lime, sand and water, to cover and bind bricks. His urban structures for prestigious Venetian owners had high classical porticos with pediments that extended as far as the second floor and were supported by giant colonnades. These porticos were raised above ground level and on the same level as the rest of the ground floor. This raised floor called piano nobile, was reused in later variations of neoclassical architecture. Palazzo Chiericati in the city of Vicenza was a fine example of this urban structure.[8] Palazzo Chiericati (1550-1557)[9] Rural villas were rather different. Instead of the piano nobile, there was an elevated podium bordered by lower service wings, connected with an elegant curving flight of stairs. The owner maintained residence at the elevated portion. Villa Foscari (also La Malcontenta) was among the mid-16th century designs of Palladio that employed this renowned building format. Villa Foscari (1559)[10] The 1570 publishing of Palladios work Quattro Libri dellArchitettura (The Four Books of Architecture), stretched his influence far beyond his home country Italy. Palladios architectural drawings and discussions contained in the book set the stage for neoclassicist expansion in the key European countries of France, Britain, Ireland, Spain and Germany.[11] Even more remarkable was his influence in colonial and post-colonial America, where his designs were replicated in the houses of well-known families, state buildings and even the private abode of Thomas Jefferson, the freedom President.[12] Along with Palladios treatise, the unearthing and discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum, Roman towns destroyed by volcanic eruption during the classical period, was thought to inspire the interior designs of 18th century European houses and edifices.[13] The Ruins of Pompeii[14] Interior View of a Herculaneum House[15] In Europe, neoclassicist architecture developed at different paces. Some sources estimated that the movement reached its peak in France with Ãâ°tienne-Louis Boullà ©e and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The two architects followed principles of rationality into their Graeco-Roman inspired designs. Boullà ©e was known for fusing geometry with the standard classics. This original neoclassical deviation might have been influenced by his work as an educator and philosopher at Ãâ°cole Nationale Des Ponts et Chaussà ©es. Like most neoclassicists, his designs were minimalistic, devoid of ornamentation, bold enough to repeat certain structural components, especially if they were functional (i.e. columns), and sought to emphasize the purpose of the structure and its parts. Boullà ©e also proposed a cenotaph, an approximately 500-foot sphere rooted on a round foundation, for the English scientist Isaac Newton. This was not feasible to build but as a professional engraving, the style gained prom inence. Boullà ©es works were later revived by 20th century Rationalists and more popularly by renowned Modernist architect, Aldo Rossi. Contemporary architects found his designs unique and very inventive although some would consider them illusions of grandeur. The Hà ´tel Alexandre in Paris, known for its flanking courtyard doors and Corinthian columns, was one of Boullà ©es surviving works.[16] Cenotaph for Newton (1784)[17] Hà ´tel Alexandre (1763-66)[18] Like his compatriot, Ledoux was very idealistic in his architecture, always wanting to build with a purpose. For this he and Boullà ©e were branded Utopians.'[19] Ledoux designed many theatres, hotels, residential homes, and buildings, supplied with rotundas, columns and domes from the Graeco-Roman period. His known architectural innovation was the architectonic order, best exhibited through his design on the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans. He was appointed Royal Architect for the express purpose of building a structural design for efficiently extracting salt. The Royal Saltworks became a significant example of 18th century Architectural Rationalism for its extensive use of geometry and logical arrangement of shapes to facilitate the extraction and transportation processes. Another design was drawn after the first was disapproved.[20] Facade of the Royal Saltworks, France[21] Aerial View of Ledoux Second Design (1804)[22] There were many other prominent figures under the neoclassical movement but few were as Utopian as the works of Boullà ©e and Ledoux. French writer-teacher-architect Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand influenced several German Rationalists by adding principles of economy and convenience to the existing architectural Utopia.[23] The later renditions of neoclassicism in Britain, America, and Spain disregarded the attachment to symmetry and geometry that Palladio himself and the French neoclassicists were very particular. However, they did retain much of the functionality aspect. For example, neo-Palladian British architects William Kent and Indigo Jones invented the flanking wings to give more space in the house interior.[24] This concern for utilizing space was still an archetype of 18th century Rationalism. 20th Century Rationalism 20th century Rationalist architecture was interchangeably called Neo-Rationalist. Although the designs were different from 18th century rationalism, neo-Rationalists continued to practice important principles of Rationalist Architecture. The simplistic form and ornamentation was still retained; the functionality aspect became known as theme. In fact, as many historians claimed, neo-Rationalism was an evolution of 18th century Enlightenment Architecture.[25] The need to justify architectural works remained strong as it had then. The Enlightenment brought about the Industrial Revolution around 18th-19th centuries. The effects lasted and were carried over to the 20th century, where industrialization became a fad. Economic advancement was no longer associated with brick and wood but with new elements like steel, iron and glass. As industrialization reached its peak in the 20th century, the growing importance of machinery led to the development of an industrial architecture, composed of t hose new elements.[26] Modernism was the dominant rationalist movement of the 1900s. It basically aimed to employ new materials suited to the spirit of industrialization and free architects from the bondage of styles, which curtailed individual touches. The works of early Modernists Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany and Frenchman Le Corbusier were mostly products of socio-political revolutions. Following World War I, the German Modernist ventured into new structures that meet social needs.'[27] The Bauhaus design school resulted from this venture. Bauhaus became identified as the International Style, adopted by many Modern structural designs in various countries.[28] The following are famous examples of Bauhaus architecture: The UN New York Base by Le Corbusier[29] The Gropius Residence in Lincoln[30] The International Style was characterized by rational principles of minimalism and functional design and structure. Neoclassical pediments, columns and flanking wings were replaced by rectangular shapes of concrete cement, steel, and other new elements. There were hardly traces of particular cultures or social context and a neutral architecture that was universally applicable prevailed.[31] Modernists like Frank Lloyd Wright tried to balance nature and structural designs.[32] Later, Postmodernist movements emerged to deconstruct the universality of Bauhaus and infuse local identities into modern architecture so it can connect with peoples sentiments.[33] Aldo Rossi, Italian theorist-architect-designer-artist, was among the celebrated Postmodernists. His valuable contribution to urban architecture was building contemporary structures without neglecting the historical value of the city or site where it would be built. He stressed the social significance of monuments and cemeteries and also advocated that structures be strong enough for succeeding generations to witness.[34] San Cataldo Cemetery expanded by Rossi (1971)[35] Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht by Rossi (1990-1994)[36] Conclusion 18th and 20th century Architectural Rationalists are linked by the ancient principles of utilitas, firmitas, venustas. Their respective movements were generally non-ornamental and useful in structure, design and theme. In the area of symmetry, the use of geometrical shapes, and projecting cultural and individual sentiments, the two Rationalist regimes differ. 18th century Rationalists were unified in advocating truth and beauty in architecture while neo-Rationalists had individual contradictions.[37] Nevertheless, both strands justified Architectures major roles in society and in peoples lives. Sources [1] Hackett Lewis. (1992) The age if enlightenment, History World International at http://history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm [2] Steve Fallon Nicola Williams. (2008) Paris: city guide, United Kingdom, Lonely Planet Publications, p. 48. [4] University of Pittsburgh at http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/pediment.htm [5] Old House Web at http://www.oldhouseweb.com/architecture-and-design/greek-revival-1820-1850.shtml [6] Bernd Evers, Christof Thoenes Kunstbibliothek. (2003) Architectural theory: from the renaissance to the present, Germany, TASCHEN pp. 6-7. [7] Sam Smiles Stephanie Moser. (2005) Envisioning the past: archaeology and the image, Maine, Blackwell Publishing pp. 98-114. [8] Douglas Lewis, Andrea Palladio International Exhibitions Foundation. (1981) The drawings of Andrea Palladio, Texas, The Foundation, pp. 158-163. [9] Essential Architecture at http://www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-E14.htm [11] Caroline Clifton-Mogg. (1991) The neoclassical source book, New York, Rizzoli, pp. 88-175. [12] David Watkin. (2005) A history of western architecture, London, Laurence King pp. 114-513. [13] H. Keethe Beebe. (1975) Domestic Architecture and the New Testament, The Biblical Archaeologists, volume 38, number 3/4, pp. 89-104. [14] Virtual Tourist at http://cache.virtualtourist.com/1898061-Pompeii-Pompeii.jpg [16] Helen Rosenau. (1976) Boullà ©e visionary architecture, New York, Harmony Books pp. 1-27. [19] Barry Bergdoll. (2000) European architecture, 1750-1890, New York, Oxford University Press p. 97. [20] Elizabeth Basye Gilmore Holt. (1966) From the classicists to the impressionists: art and architecture in the nineteenth century, Connecticut, Yale University Press pp. 227-311. [21] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/203 [23] Joy Monice Malnar Frank Vodvarka. (2004) Sensor design, Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota Press p. 8. [24] Inigo Jones, William Kent. (1727) The designs of Inigo Jones: consisting of plans and elevations for publick, England, W. Kent pp. 1-73. [25] Christopher Crouch. (2000) Modernism in Art Design and Architecture, New York, St. Martins Press pp. 1-10. [26] Industrial architecture, EncyclopÃÆ'à ¦dia Britannica Online at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286910/industrial-architecture [27] Richard J. Evans. (2003) The coming of the third reich, New York, The Penguin Press, pp. 122-123. [28] Henry Russell Hitchcock Philip Johnson. (1997)The International Style, New York, W. W. Norton Company, pp. 1-5. [29] International Style at http://architecture.about.com/od/20thcenturytrends/ig/Modern-Architecture/International-Style.htm [30] The Digital Archive of American Architecture at http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/gropius.html [31] Hazel Conway Rowan Roenisch. (1994) Understanding architecture: an introduction to architecture and architectural history, London, Routledge pp. 22-24. [32] Kathleen Karlsen. Saving Civilization Through Architecture Rationalism and the International Style, at http://ezinearticles.com/?Saving-Civilization-Through-ArchitectureRationalism-and-the-International-Styleid=888138 [33] Hazel Conway Rowan Roenisch. (1994) Understanding architecture: an introduction to architecture and architectural history, London, Routledge pp. 22. [34] Terry Kirk. (2005) The architecture of modern Italy, volume 2: visions of utopia 1900-present, New York, Princeton University Press pp. 208-214. [35] Cornell University Blog at http://blogs.cornell.edu/tim/2008/09/21/cities-sites/ [36] Brian Rose at http://www.brianrose.com/portfolio/bonnefanten/bonnefan.htm [37] Sarah Williams Goldhagen. Ultraviolet: Alvar Aaltos embodied Rationalism, Harvard Design Magazine at http://www.sarahwilliamsgoldhagen.com/articles/Ultraviolet.pdf Ohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00688798562687752442noreply@blogger.com0