Monday, September 30, 2019

Five-Part Short Film Series, the Hire: Case Analysis of BMW

With many viewers of The Hire series asking for more short films and even some asking for a full length film what is the best option for B MM to take in order to one, maintain the market share they have gained through the series, and two, intention to increase their general market share. Four options have been set o UT by BMW as logical next steps for the auto manufacturer. As already stated two of the optic ions is to either release 5 more short films before there are copycat films made by other man effectuates or to create a full length film under the same premise.Continuing, another route the at BMW can take is try and â€Å"milk† their first series of short films and try to further their ma reek share generated through those films. Lastly BMW could do nothing in terms of The Hire but instead go back to their traditional marketing techniques and leave the short film tech queue as a success and not continue. However BMW will have to choose the correct path and choose quickly as their competitors will be trying to regain the market share that BUM W may have stolen from them.In early 2000 BMW had a six month window with not one future products bee Eng launched an opportunity presented itself for BMW to launched a non tradition anal marketing campaign not focused on one individual product. After deliberation BMW decide deed on a viral marketing campaign with the ending result being the short film series starring their own 7 series. BMW is now faced with the problem as stated earlier on how to o forth after such a success. One problem facing BMW is the idea of copycat marketing ca meanings by competing auto manufacturers that mirror the campaign of BMW.As stated I n Warren Michelle article : Calling all Copycats, â€Å"When BMW Canada introduced its shoo art film, drive, last September, it not only created a sensation among Toronto International elm Festival audiences, but also raised the bar for Canadian marketers. † Furthermore, Mimic hell went on to conclude â€Å"People were looking around for newness and here was a wonderful example. † Both are statements are amplifying the shift in marketing that companies must dad t do in order to stay in competitive and relevant in the new age of marketing.The acceptance and even the overwhelming approval of the BMW campaign shows that consumers are area day for this shift and are showing inventiveness and need for uniqueness. However with stain g those two character traits BMW has created its own issue with targeting the segment the eye have ( younger generation) that if they were to try and milk the original series or Cree ate more films, if full feature or not, that they need to stay unique and need to create something g new for those who are receptive to new products and marketing techniques.However, I do believe that Bum's strengths complements this segment wonderfully. To legislate, as stated in the Case based on Bum's market researched consumers of the BMW brand are †Å"people e who tended to be leaders, who worked hard,played hard, and achieved a lot very early in life† and with BMW being performance driven and there short film being based around someone who is leading someone to safety they are able to satisfy someone psychological needs. Further remorse, people who tend to be receptive to new products tend to be leaders in their world an d BMW products are for those powerful leaders.Firstly, one must consider all of the pros and cons to the options that BMW h as put forward to make an informed decisions on what the best course of action is. Beginning, BMW has the option to try and expand the audience for their first series of short fill ms and try to increase the positives that it provided. This is done by opening up The Hire to a wider audience by allowing the series to go to DVD or even allow it it to be seen in o there forms like theaters and other websites. BMW will essentially be using the short films as a cash cow and milk as much influence over the public that it can provide.This option allows f r a relatively low cost approach that still can increase Bum's market share while allowing BMW to focus on their upcoming releases of the 2005 models. However, I do believe that there are some negatives to this approach. For one, it opens up the door to competitors to be utter on what BMW did basically making their films obsolete in that segment This same coco renounces happened when copycats showed up during BMW first Z campaign when t hey placed their car in the James bond film goldenly, a technique that jaguar would become very attuned with.I believe that BMW must stay in their segment and strive for uniqueness ND for inventiveness. Continuing option two for BMW is to create another set of SSH rot films that continue on the story arc that was created in the first series. As stated in the c ease article more than 90% of viewers pleaded BMW for another set of short films continuing with Clive Owen returning as the d river. The positive behind such an approach that the excite meet that was generated will be able to carry over to a second series plus they are able to SST ay in the lower cost range without having to use millions of dollars to create a full length film.Furthermore, it lows BMW to use the same metrics they did with the first series which create sees an easier route to the end goal. However, as I have stated above BMW much look to sat y reuse In their advertising because that is what drew so many to the first films and prop died the positive blowback from the films. Also if copycat marketers were to start creating their own films Bum's films may get lost in a sea of material and their content could get undo ermined if a competitor was to make better content.Despite the drawbacks of copycats B MM may be able to use that in their favor if they are able to release their second set of short fill s before the market gets saturated. If BMW was able to get to market first then there con .NE T would be able to stand above to others while still looking unique and have the other co monitors have their content undermined. Doing this would allow BMW to maintain the Pearce option and attitudes that consumers have of them that they are a innovative brand, plus they will be able to maintain a halo effect with the positives of The Hire influencing the perception of the second series of film.In an overstated market, a positive perception is key. Thirdly, at the request of several of viewers of The Hire rise, BMW has the option of making a full length film based on the same story that was told in the first film s. Such interest has been shown for a full length film because how much people have invest d in the character of Clive Owens and they would like to see a full story told about the James Bond queues character.One of the main drawbacks that faces BMW with the develop memento a full length feature film is the costs associated with creating a 2 hour film that is o n par with t he quality that was presented in the first 5 short films. However, one of the posits eves to such an undertaking is that BMW is able to stay new and unique in a market that is go Eng to become very saturated. Plus need for uniqueness and innovativeness are two character restricts they represents their market base and they need to satisfy those characteristics.Co intriguing, the last route that BMW may be able to take is the least cost and easiest for them to complete, do nothing. The option allows for BMW to focus on more traditional marketing the at they have been consistently good at and they will be able to bring more focus back on t he individual products that they will be launching in there near future instead on just grow Eng the BMW brand alone. Furthermore, with more focus on the products they will be able t 0 focus On the competitive advantages that their products have over the competition because e they will be able to go deeper into the product features then the short fil ms did.The DOD inside of BMW gong back to tradition marketing ands not continuing with the short films is the at they're missing out on the opportunities that the short film series brought and they c an still grow their brand further of the first series and any upcoming films that they could do in the future. Summarizing, BMW has 4 different ways that they can tackle the problem ahead of them each with their positives and negatives outcomes. The Decision criteria that BMW must focus on and base their decision on is the at of what option allows them to grow their brand the most without giving up to m such.BMW must consider the resources and cash that they need to spend in order to act on EAI chi option and whether the inputs justify the outputs. Secondly, BMW must consider how the y will be perceived by the target market that they have segmented. Will the route they take be positively or negatively impact what the consumer think of the BMW brand. L ghastly, BMW must insider that the characteristics of their consumer if people who look for new and unique products and any option they take must register with these characteristics or they may lose what they gained through the excitement generated by The Hire.In summation, I believe the option that BMW should take the option of release Eng 5 more short films to complete the series and then advertise DVD's with the co meet ten part series. Believe that this is the best option for BMW because it allows them to capitalize on the hype generated by the first set of films plus it is giving the consumer what hey ask for. Furthermore, because they have already taken this route they will be able to generate the second series with relative ease and have a lower cost than creating a feature film.In addition, by releasing a DVD set that includes the first set Of films they are still able to milk the influence those films have. However the most important aspect of choosing t his option is making sure they release the films quick ly and before any competitors start FL doing the market. I believe in order to achieve that BMW must start producing the films right away and tot be as extensive with their build up to the second set of short films as they were the first.I believe that if done correctly BMW can further cement themselves in the pup err echelon of the luxury car manufacturer market. In the words of Mcdowell â€Å"We've always belie feed that the future belongs to the nimble. You see this in our cars, and you see this in our marketing. † There are several acts of corruption that need to be punished justly but I believe that the act that is the worst for the government and the public is conflict of interest.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Law Cases Essay

Our whole economy is based on the freedom of individuals to contract and a system of laws that enforces contracts freely entered into. But a lot of people may not be aware of what are the essential elements required to make an enforceable contract . Recently I was asked if a contract not in writing is binding . We are so accustomed to seeing contracts in writing that many people assume that a contract must be in writing (and lengthy) before it is enforceable . To form a contract , there are no particular words that must be used by the parties . However , there must be an offer by one side and an acceptance of the offer by the person to whom the offer was made . Without both an offer and an acceptance , there can be no consensus ad idem or a meeting of the minds which is essential to form a contract. No conditions can be attached to the acceptance and the terms of the offer cannot be changed. If conditions are attached or terms are changed, the parties are merely negotiating and may u ltimately reach agreement on the terms of the contract. For example, if your response is that you will pay me $5.00 to cut the lawn but I must cut again next month for the same price, there is no contract. You have made a counter offer which I am free to accept or reject. Likewise, the acceptance cannot be conditional on some other events. In the same way the Lady Gaga has cancelled her concert at the O2 . Harry a local entrepreneur has got 500 T-shirts and he has asked Mike Baldwin a local shirt maker , if it is possible than is he able to print Lady Gaga on the front of the T-shirt . Mike agrees to do it but when Harry went there for collection he saw that the word print on all the T-shirt was Lad Gaga and even the ink of the print damage the material of the T-shirt which is not good . When Harry makes complain about it, Mike told him to refer the contract which is placed on the front door that limiting liability for damaged items to 20% of the value .According to this generally a clause will incorporated if the party has given reasonable notice . These was clearly illustrated in Thompson v LMS Railway . Here the claimant was injured whilst stepping off a train . The railway company displayed prominent notices on the platforms excluding liability personal injury and damage to property due to negligence . The tickets also stated they were subject to terms and conditions displayed on the platform . The claimant was illiterate and could not read the signs. She argued that the exclusion clause was not incorporated into the contract as the railway company had not brought the clause to her attention at the time the contract was made. The clause was incorporated . There is only a requirement to take reasonable steps to bring the clause to the attention of a reasonable person. There was no duty to ensure that every traveller was aware of the clause . The claimant was therefore unsuccessful in her claim for damages. (accessed on e-lawresouces .co.uk , 5/12/12 ) Clearly this objective test will very according to the facts of eagh case but there are a number of factors that are relevant in determining reasonableness in this context , one more thing is required and that is degree of notice . Harry had a small notice at the front door which is limitation clause and it is stated therefor that less onerous than exclusion clause . It may be common notice of trade because the actual size of the notice may be more significant .This has been proved by stating some more case laws such as , Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking , The claimant was injured in a car park partly due to the defendant’s negligence . The claimant was given a ticket on entering the car park after putting money into a machine . The ticket stated the contract of parking was subject to terms and conditions which were displayed on the inside of the car park . One of the terms excluded liability for personal injuries arising through negligence. The question for the court was whether the term was incorporated into the contract ie had the defendant brought it to the attention of the claimant before or at the time the contract was made . This question depended upon where the offer and acceptance took place in relation to the machine . The machine itself constituted the offer . The acceptance was by putting the money into the machine. The ticket was dispensed after the acceptance took place and therefore the clause was not incorporated into the contract. According to previous decision of Spurling v Bradshaw , it is stated that some clauses are to be printed in red ink and with the red hand arrow pointed towards the notice, which could be held in a sufficient way . This reason was further been supported by Court of Appeal . Another relevant factor for the Harry’s present question of reasonableness that is the timing of the notice to be handed . The most effective time for handing the notice is before the contract has been made otherwise it is too late . This has been made abundantly clear in cases such as Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel and Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking . That’s the reason that if Harry had contracted in advance of arriving at the counter , the notice would be too late . However if he arrived to complete the agreement then the clause could be part of the contract . These states that even if the limitation clause is incorporated into the contract than it does not mean that it is an effective clause . The law has sought to protect vulnerable parties from exemption clauses . This protection has take two forms :- Judicial control through the common law and statutory control since 1977 . The judicial approach is known as the contra proferentum rule. According to this , if there is any ambiguity in the wording than that is strictly constructed against the party which seeking to rely on it . Limitation clause are construed in a more liberal manner as they are not as harsh as exclusion clauses .In Ailsa Craig Fishing v Melvern Lord Fraser reffered to this strict principle when they applied , A contract between existed between Securicor and Aberdeen Fishing Vessel Owners Association whereby Securicor were to provide security cover in the harbour where the claimant’s vessels were moored . As a result of negligence and breach of contract the claimant’s vessels sunk. The contract contained a clause which provided that in the event of negligence or breach , Securicor would not be liable for any amount exceeding  £1,000 in any one claim and that it would not be liable for more than  £10,000 in any twelve month period . The House of Lords held that where the clause limits liability rather than excludes liability altogether the courts should apply the natural meaning of the clause and not be too eager to find ambiguity . So the court would be more lenient in their interpretation of Harry’s clause since it limits liability . If Harry’s clause is clear and unambiguous there would be no scope for application of the judicial control system . As in certain circumstances the clause can even cover a fundamental breach as in Photo Productions v Securicor . According to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, the clause of Harry must be satisfactory . (accessed on Ailsa Craig fishing v Malvern Fishing (1983) . Here the Act clearly applies the Harry’s clause where a business seeks to exclude or limit liability . Under section 2(2) clauses attempting to exclude or limit liability for damaged property caused by negligence are subject to a test of reasonableness . The test is in section 11(1) and basically states that a clause is reasonable if in all surrounding circumstances of the case , than it is reasonable .This circular definition gives the trial judge a discretion to decide each case on it s own facts . under section 11(5) the burden of proving that the clause is reasonable is on the party seeking to rely on it .So Harry must prove that the clause is reasonable . Section 11(4 ) states two factors that the court must consider when determining the reasonableness of a limitation clause . Firstly the resource of party rely on the clause and also the question of whether he is in a position to insure against the risk of loss . Harry’s has the resource of profit making business as opposed to the resources of the community theatre and would also be able to insure against the risk of such losses . After determining the reasonableness of the clause which attempts to exempt liability implied in contracts for the sales of goods , this kind of act must be consider in court. However the courts such as House of Lords states certain factors in two different case laws , they are such as Smith v Bush down to the county court in Woodman v Photo Trade Processing . These two case law states that some of the factors of Schedule 2 are considered as case of negligence. According to the case law of Smith v Bush , it states that a survey report of the claimant’s house carried out by the defendant failed to advise on some structural damage to the property which resulted in the chimney breast collapsing. There was no contractual relationship between the claimant and defendant as the mortgage company arranged the survey and the claimant made payment to the mortgage company . The contract between the claimant and the mortgage company contained a clause exempting the surveyor from liability . In considering if such a clause was reasonable under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 , the court took into account the fact that it was a modest house to be used as the family home and concluded that it was an unreasonable clause and therefore ineffective. The House of Lords held that it might be reasonable for a surveyor to exclude liability if the property was of higher value or to be used for investment or business purposes . According to this case law , they are generally relevant to question of reasonableness , here on of the factor is related to the bargaining strengths of the parties . (accessed on Smith v Eric Bush (1990) , 5/12/12) . In the case law of Woodman v Photo Trade Processing , Woodman sent wedding photographs to PTP for processing . The film was sent in an envelope which contained , printed on the outside , an exemption clause limiting liability to a replacement film . The film was lost due to negligence (it would now be considered as failure to exercise reasonable skill and care under s13 of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982). W sued. The court decided that this limitation on liability was (in these circumstances) unreasonable, since it was due to negligence that the film was lost , and the consumer had no choice over the contract. Since this decision , most postal film companies offer a choice of paying extra for insurance . Even with this option , there have been cases where these companies have been held to be acting unreasonably , because the clause has tended to be hidden , in small print on the envelope. (accessed on economic truth .co.uk , 5/12/12 ) . According to these two case laws, it is relevant that Harry and Mike are two businesses and would appear to have equality of bargaining strengths. This strength can be used as an opposition for both the customer and a business or even for any small business or multinational. Another relevant factor would be whether Mike’s knew or ought to known of the clause, perhaps from the trade . The trial judge suggested that the clause would be more reasonable if the customer had a choice from a two tier service, one will low costs but a high risk , and one with more protection but at a premium . The basic idea from this is logical , and if Harry does in fact offer such a two tier service it would go in his favour . In Phillips v Hyland Slade LJ , it demonstrates the action of the [Unfair contract terms act (1977)] . The plaintiff hire an excavator and driver from the defendant ; the driver negligently drove the excavator into the plaintiff’s building , causing damage . When sued for damages , the defendant relied on an exclusion clause that disclaimed liability for negligent actions of drivers . The plaintiff argued that the exclusion clause was inadmissible under the UCTA , which states that a clause disclaiming liability for damage resulting from negligence must be shown to be reasonable . The defendants tried to argue that the clause at issue was a duty-defining clause , and not an exclusion clause at all . The court , acting in the spirit of the UCTA , deemed that the clause was defensive , not duty-defining , and therefore an exclusion clause under the Act . The defendant also claimed that the clause was reasonable , and could therefore be upheld even if it were construed as an exclusion clause . The court held that the plaintiff , which hired excavators only rarely , was not in a position to estimate the risk involved in doing so ; the defendants , however , were operating in their main line of business , and should have been able to assess the risk accurately and take insurance to cover it . The clause was therefore deemed unfair and struck out .(accessed on lawiki.org/index.php , 5/12/12) . This application of the test of reasonableness turns on the facts of each case and will not be treated as binding precedent . So if the cause if similar to Harry’s than he had satisfaction of previous test of reasonableness , that is not to be taken as an indication of the validity of Harry’s clause . At the last it is clearly stated that this case is also turns on its own facts . REFERENCE :- * Ailsa Craig fishing v Malvern fishing (1983) , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/cases/Ailsa-Craig-fishing-v-Malvern-fishing.php , 5/12/12 . * Image of leadership and management , http://www.transitions coaching service.co.uk/page/1lko/about_us_ , 5/12/12. * Philips v Hyland Slade LJ (1987) , http://lawiki.org/index .php?title= Philips_ products_v_hyland_(1987)&action=edit ,5/12/12 . * Smith v Eric Bush (1990) 1 AC 831 , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Smith-v-Eric-Bush.php ,5/12/12 . * Thompson v London ,Midland and Scotland Railway co , http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Thompson-v-London-Midland-and-Scotland-Railway-co.php , 5/12/12) . * Woodman v Photo Trade Processing 1981 , http://www.economic-truth.co.uk/?page_id=148 ,5/12/12 .

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Kudler and the True Meaning of Marketing

Use the Virtual Organization link on the student website to access additional company information on Kudler Fine Foods. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you justify the importance of marketing research in developing Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing strategy and tactics. Include the following: Identify the areas where additional market research is needed. Analyze the importance of competitive intelligence and analysis regarding the development of Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing strategy and tactics. A marketing analysis conducted for the Kudler Fine Foods to obtain a complete and comprehensive review of the potential the organizational strategic plan of Kudler fine foods from, marketing view points and, customer viewpoints. Also going through the marketing strategies of Kudler will allow an understanding of the company's competitiveness within the organization and with other known business like Kudler fine foods. This will allow us to tell the weather or not Kudler fine foods is a reliable and successful company or if it needs major improvements to keep up with the standards set forth by the competitors. Kudler Fine Foods has a strong self-driven and determined market and work place. Some ways they make themselves a great part of the exclusive market of fine foods. Some of Kudler’s ways Kudler makes this possible is by the expertise that is given with the gourmet setting at all the locations from the wine to the cheeses and other fine foods. Kudler went over and beyond to make sure the expertise was carried out by the use of the surveys they had customers and visitors to complete in 2010 and 2011. According to these surveys, Kudler showed strengths and weakness that they hold above the competitors are the outstanding customer relations and the enormous selection of the world’s best fine foods. The gourmet food was satisfactory for the money that was spent and appreciated by the majority of their customers. The high quality food for the right price and how the right price is deterred is another fine example of the marketing research. Some weaknesses of Kudler is indicated in the same customer surveys that where received these included the marketing Kudler uses for customer service and the display of the merchandise. In this instance Kudler can easily change the way it displays the merchandise and make the displays more attractive to make the equally appeal the intended customers. This Is a great example of when Kudler needs to do marketing research to help find answers and resources to fix the problems. Excellent customer service is Kudler’s primary focus this was noticed by the majority of the customers that responded to the surveys. It is impossible to please everyone and Kudler knows this, but is striving to do the best job possible. A possible way to change the outlook of some Kathy Kudler could retrain her staff by reminding them of the importance of Kudler’s customers and the service they are given when visiting Kudler fine foods. It is with the upmost importance that business need to remember is that customer service is and should be to upmost priority in a prospering business. Without excellent customer service is it impossible to have a high achieving company like Kudler fine foods Kudler Fine Foods is an astonishing company with the highest goals in providing the upmost best in customer satisfaction to the extent of the capabilities of the gourmet superstar. Kudler is dedicated to making everyone’s experience the best possible. When at Kudler’s they make sure if you can’t find it in the store that they find a way to find it for you. Keeping this in mind Kudler fine foods is a highly competitive business structure with some of the best priorities that there could be. Kudler can and will be a highly remarkable company in the future as long as they keep up the importance of outstanding customer service and relations. Also it is a must that Kudler keeps up with the changing demand structures in the economy to keep a large supply of the demanded goods. With excellent service and an excellent inventory this company will prosper and grow. A Kudler fine food has a mild marketing approach at some point it may be necessary to change the marketing approach to meet the demand of the company and the sales. Keeping a close eye on the market and its competitors is a must. Some down falls of Kudler fine foods could be the focus on the surveys. Lowering the drive for the surveys could help ease some of the customer’s feedback, but with this in mind it may be a necessary to keep the comfort of the customers. Keeping customer satisfaction is a must. At the same time and can be over done in the ways the company harps on the surveys. One possible way of correcting this issue is to simply ask in person if there are any concerns or anything they would like to see. Another way this can be achieved is to have a comment box on the company web site and in the stores. This could be a nonchalant way of getting the information needed without harassing the customers with bothersome surveys. For the most part customers do only gripe or complain if something is wrong. On the other side of this note many customers will let you know if you ask, but the way this is asked can be done in other ways. Some companies use marketing schemes at the checkout such as promotions and bugging customers with questions at checkout this is not always the way to do things though. This type of conduct can annoy and bother customers. An annoyed customer is most likely not going to come back unless they just half to. Keeping competitive and treating customers with the best of care is a quality that is lacking in society and the business community today. Kudler fine food is well on its way to setting the mild stone of the customer relations world. Keeping this standard along with the highest competitive prices and outstanding selection of gourmet foods will drive this company in a good and prosperous direction. References American Marketing Association. (2013). marketing power. Retrieved from http://www.marketingpower.com/AboutAMA/Pages/DefinitionofMarketing.aspx Business Dictionary. (2013). business dictionary meaning of marketing. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing.html#ixzz2R

Friday, September 27, 2019

Digital business specific case study - Case study about Facebook as a

Digital business specific - about Facebook as a digital busibess - Case Study Example The growth has been associated with the growth of mobile communication (McChesney & Robert, 2008). As compared to 2010’s 3%, currently 22% of US digital spending is in relation to mobile. Facebook Corporation as a digital company has grown and maintained its competitive capabilities. Taking into account that facebook corporation has competitors such as; Google, twitter, yahoo amongst others, its capabilities to attract and maintain consumers is high. The digital platforms are the major drivers and recipients of the growing mobile market. As revealed by the forecast on the US emarket on the advertisement spending; the growth of mobile advertisement revenues at facebook has seen the social network to the point of being the second-largest digital ad seller. Facebook follows Google and the results are fully associated to the rapid growth of mobile usage. On global basis, facebook and Google are the top digital ad publishers. Facebook digital company has also brought about revolution in the journalism and media industry (McChesney & Robert, 2008). The number of social media tools in the current period are numerous and globally spread. The social media platforms affect directly journalism and the news media organizations. Technological advancements are currently rapidly growing, posing a challenge towards many industries with no exemption of corporation and news media. As the tradition before the emergence of facebook and other social media platforms, the news corporations and the government simply relayed information to the public. The information either read or listened to was the final stage. However, the satisfaction of such information to the people has not been optimum. The methods of dissemination were viewed as ‘tried-and-true’. Technological advancements and the rise of the social media platform have seen the traditional model revolving (McChesney & Robert, 2008). In the current times, availing of

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Reflection Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection Assignment - Essay Example However, my friends and my parents jointly helped me prepare for my exams. My friends would convey me at my home what the teachers had taught in a particular day, and updated me on class exercises. They had been kind enough to spend a lot of time with me at my home and make me memorize the lessons on daily basis. My mother would make a visit to the school everyday after work to fetch me notes and ensure that I was updated on the on-going lessons. By the grace of God and through mutual effort of my parents and my friends, I happened to go through the exams with flying colors. I had a slight idea that my papers had gone exceptionally well, but I did not know they went good enough to earn me a trophy. It was a bright summer morning in April. My parents accompanied me to the school to see how well had I done. My heart lurched for I was very conscious about going to see how well had I done after having remained ill for a considerably long period. The school was decorated with ribbons, balloons and posters. About 1000 seats were aligned in the huge ground of the school to cater for all students and their parents. On one corner of the ground was a table covered with white cloth. There were silver trophies with red, blue and green ribbons tied round their necks arranged in rows. My father told me that red ones were for those who stood first, blues pertained to the students who came second, and green ribboned trophies were meant for those who stood third in the class. I had always fancied getting one of those trophies, no matter what color the ribbon on it was. They were of special significance to me because I had never got them before. I had seen in my previous classes how my class fe llows who achieved positions were appreciated not only by their parents, teachers and school administration, but also the class fellows including me envied them. I always wondered how much effort it takes to secure one of the top

Examine the factors which have influenced consumption over the past Essay

Examine the factors which have influenced consumption over the past three years in the UK. Has consumption been let get out of control - Essay Example If compared to the past, the consumption in UK could be characterized as rather increased; however, the whole situation cannot be referred as being out of control. It is rather an expected outcome especially if taking into consideration the development of technology and the changes in the social and cultural ethics across Britain – as a consequence of globalization and the entrance in the country of people with different social and cultural background; more specifically, Britain has become – mainly for professional but also for educational reasons - a favourable destination of people from developing countries but also of those belonging in member states – a phenomenon well developed after the enlargement of European Union. Under these terms, the characteristics of consumption in Britain could be expected to be influenced by many different factors especially the country’s social and cultural ethics while the culture of the people living across the country à ¢â‚¬â€œ this culture can be differentiated as explained above – is another important factor influencing the characteristics of consumption developed across the country. Of course, consumption is a multidimensional social phenomenon; apart from the factors mentioned above other factors – related with the individual’s personal perceptions – can also affect the rate of consumption through the years in a particular region. In UK which is a highly developed country consumption related with a series of social activities (travelling, entertainment, shopping) has been increased the last 3 years following the development of technology but also the improvement of the standard of living in all areas across the country. This increase reflects also the development of the national economy compared to the economies of other countries within the international community. In any case, the rates of consumption across

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Corporate Project (Coca Cola) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Project (Coca Cola) - Research Paper Example Pemberton who was more of an inventor not a businessperson sold his invention to Griggs Candler for only $2300. Candler began to instill his strategies in the company in 1891, he brought the first real vision of the company, and the Coca Cola brand (Pendergrast, 2000). Candler being a natural born’ salesperson transformed Pemberton’s invention into a business between 1893 and 1904. The fact that people were thirsty gave Candler the first innovative strategy. These first promotion strategies made people conversant with the Coca-Cola brand everywhere and in 1895, Candler expanded and relocated syrup plants in major cities (Pendergrast, 2000). The brand was becoming more popular in time thus Joseph Biedenharn, who was a businessperson from Mississippi, tried to convince Candler on the necessity of bottles but this idea did not excite Candler. He failed to anticipate that success of Coca-Cola brand would be portability. In 1899, Benjamin Thomas and Joseph Whitehead, were allowed to bottle the Coca-Cola brand by Candler. Bottled Coca Cola soda made the drink’s popularity increase rapidly. By 1905, the company was very successful and the only challenge Coca Cola faced was imitation of the drink by businesspersons who used the advantage of Coca Cola’s success to sell copycat beverages. The company thus used promotions to protect their brand by advertising reminding customers to â€Å"Demand the genuine† and â€Å"Accept no substitute† promotion. This worked but it would not stop the imitations thus the company had to invent a unique and distinctively shaped bottle that would be easier to identify thus limit imitations thus the contour bottle became Coca Cola’s brand bottle. This led to rapid increase in popularity of the drink due to the attractiveness of the bottle and the taste of the drink. This led to the company’s growth internationally (Pendergrast,

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Enzymes in Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enzymes in Industry - Essay Example It is the aim of this paper to discuss the workings and history of enzymes and to trace its research as well as to give an overview of how enzymes have been incorporated into various facets of industry and as a result make our day- to - day lives much easier. Enzymes are proteinaceous molecules. They catalyze a variety of reactions in the cell and every living organism is dependent on them to function. Being proteins, they are sensitive to the working conditions, like temperature, pH, etc. and often have stringent requirements of these factors in order to function properly. Each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction, and this specificity is one of the hallmarks of an enzyme. In addition, each enzyme also has certain conditions within which it will be active. The conditions vary from enzyme to enzyme, though there is generally a common overlap amongst them. However, some proteins will be more stable than others under condition x than others, or will have a wider range of toleration to circumstances. Enzymes in industry have their roots in the earliest civilizations. Fermentation of grapes to make wine is one of the earliest recorded uses of enzymes. Also recorded is the fermentation of milk to yield cheese and yoghurt. However, though they have been recorded, the significance of the process of fermentation was not looked deeply into for many centuries. People slowly became aware of yeast as a source of this fermenting activity. However it was not until the beginning of the 19th century that enzyme research as a field really took off. The history of enzyme research is given below. History Timeline 1810 - Joseph Gay Lussac discovers that the principle products of sugar decomposition in yeastare ethanol and carbon dioxide. 1835 - Jacob Berzelius postulates the first general theory of chemical catalysis by showing that malt extracts (diastase) were capable of better catalysis of starch hydrolysis than sulfuric acid. Mid 19th century - Pasteur proposes that fermentation can only occur in living cells; he assumes a "vital force" that is capable of this process and says that dead cells cannot catalyse fermentation. J. Liebig opposes this theory, postulating that biological reactions are caused by substances called 'ferments' which are themselves not living organisms. 1864 - Hansen extracts chymosin from calf stomach (rennet) and uses it to ripen and manufacture cheese. This appears to be the first industrial use. 1876 - William Kuhne coins the term "enzyme" in an attempt to emphasize that it is not the yeast but something within its cell that causes fermentation. Late 1800s - Jokichi Takamine is the first person to isolate an enzyme, Takadiastase, from a microbe, Aspergillus oryzae 1894 - Emil Fischer discovers that glycolytic enzymes can distinguish between stereoisomeric sugars leading to the lock- and - key hypothesis. 1897 - Eduard Buchner ends the debate on what causes fermentation by showing that a cell-free yeast extract is still capable of carrying out fermentation. 1917 - Bacterial amylase is used by Boiden and Effront to perform textile desizing. Pre- W.W.I - Otto Rohm uses pancreatic extracts to bate leather. He also later used enzymes in detergents. 1926 - James Sumner crystallizes the enzyme jack bean urease, demonstrating conclusively that enzymes are proteins. Mid- 1930s - John Northrop, Moses Kunitz confirm the proteinaceous nature of enzymes by showing a direct correlation

Monday, September 23, 2019

Heamatology ( The effect of the environmental pollution in the Literature review

Heamatology ( The effect of the environmental pollution in the development of Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - Literature review Example Steffen et al (2004) anticipated Belson et al’s finding about the weak link between exposure to hydrocarbons and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia among children. Their study investigated the impact of maternal occupational exposure to hydrocarbons when pregnant and leukaemia and found a weak link. According Steffen et al, residential traffic density has a significant association with child leukaemia. This manifested in the places where child leukaemia victims lived near a petrol station or a repair garage. The association suggested a causal association between exposure to benzene emitting sources and acute childhood lymphocytic leukaemia. Behren et al (2008) did not find a significant association between living in high traffic density areas and child acute lymphocytic leukaemia. They argued the resultant inconsistency between their findings on the topic and other studies’ findings could have been because of methodological differences. However, they brought in a plausible explanation to the inconsistency when they cited that different places and regions have varying traffic volumes and emission profiles. Traffic volumes and emission profiles of different places also vary with time and are therefore never stable. Behren et al also explained that the critical time for an environmental exposure to that is enough to cause the development of leukaemia in children is not known. Raaschou-Nielsen et al (2001) investigated the impact of exposure to traffic-related air pollution on the risk of developing childhood cancer. They concluded that traffic-related air pollution in residences does not cause leukaemia in children. This finding further supported the suppressed association between the two variables. However, these authors explained that their selection of cancer cases and control children from registries that were population-based could have been a source of bias in their study. They cited that there was a

Sunday, September 22, 2019

A Problem Exists Essay Example for Free

A Problem Exists Essay My Assignment 4 Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exists, will inform of the author’s thesis on this paper. Additionally, the history of gun laws will also be incorporated in this paper. Moreover, this report will speak on several issues and or problems that author looks upon as unfavorable achievements, promoted by gun laws. Lastly, a conclusion for possible improvements if concealed weapons laws were not permitted will be included in this report. As we view the news and read newspaper articles, there continues to be ongoing stories and articles of school and workplace shootings and hostile environments. It appears that individuals of society are even lashing out at the innocent, when things are not done as they may see fit. For example Sandy Hook shooting took the lives of many innocent children, who victims of a troubled individual. Due to the excessive murders that are being committed in schools and workplaces, at this time, the author still agrees that citizens should not be allowed to carry concealed weapons to schools, or the workplace. Georgia actually created the first gun control law in 1837. This Georgia law banned handguns. However it was not long lived, because eight years later The Georgia Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional and cited the Second Amendment as its basis for this determination. The Second Amendment states â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear arms (U. S. Const. amend. II, 1791). After the Civil War, Black Codes in several Southern States sought to prevent blacks from owning and carrying guns. That essentially ended in 1868, with the Fourteenth Amendment’s citizenship guarantee and equal rights clause† (Goforth, 2013). Since then numerous laws have been debated and created. The first problem with the right to carry conceals weapon within the school is the potential environmental concern for continuous mass murders. For informational purposes, â€Å"We will begin with the definition of mass murder as four or more murders at a single location (a school, workplace, home or public place)† (Hillshafer, 2013). There have been three significant mass school murders in the past 14 years. They are the 1999 Columbine High School Massacre, the 2007 Virginia Tech Shootings and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. In the author’s opinion had the administration been allowed to carry concealed weapons the total of murders would have been escalated. Hostile environments more than likely create hostile situations and altercations. â€Å"The likely explanation that Concealed Carry plus Stand Your Ground laws result in 600 more deaths per year is that a young man with a concealed weapon in an argument is more likely to escalate the dispute and think he is standing his ground† (Hillshafer, 2013). As the year 2013 begun there continues to be great debate and political issues on what the gun laws should be or what the laws should cover. In January, 2013 it was written â€Å"The great American gun fight began this month with handshakes and smiles in a reunion of old foes at the Vice President’s ceremonial office† (Schered, 2013). This statement helps to enlighten us on the ongoing political rivalry that continues amongst our candidates. Our American leaders should put focus on what will really save lives on the American people instead of what will make them more famous, prominent or a great candidate amongst the people. As we all maybe aware our country entered a recessional period in the year of 2008. At this time there were numerous lay-offs, â€Å"Nationwide economic recession, which has led to cities and governmental organizational laying-off police and law enforcement personnel† (Nykodym et al. , 2011). This was a period where economic issues were examined thoroughly and everyone was in search of a means to increase revenue. Those layoffs led to increased crime rates in cities, which the author believes were then used for economic gain. â€Å"Record high rates of concealed firearm carry permits issued to the public, motivated by a well-organized social movement for Second Amendment Constructionism, accompanied by increases in firearms and ammunition sales such that many dealers cannot meet customer demand† (Nykodym et al. , 2011). This is unthinkable, but true the unfortunate layoffs boosted our economy on a different level. The author beliefs are that it wrong to take someone else’s misfortune for personal gains. In this situation, it could also cause the death of many innocent victims, because of the high rate of gun sales. In conclusion many aspects were discussed. Such as hostile environments, and the possibility of escalating violence with concealed weapons being present. Additionally, political gains were discussed on how candidates use gun laws as a chance for recognition. And the third point was the unfortunate economic use of gun laws. Perhaps if concealed weapons are not allowed, escalated incidents would not arrive, because defendants/victims would not have that extra boost which causes an occurrence to end with gun fire. If candidates concentrate on the prestige of human lives and not political gain our society could be populated with more individuals who were killed due to unfavorable gun laws. And finally, maybe society should concentrate more on what would be ethically or morally suitable, such as the welfare of all humans. We as humans should stop looking for personal gain in every event that happens along the way.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Plato The Republic Perfect Immorality Philosophy Essay

Plato The Republic Perfect Immorality Philosophy Essay According to Thrasymachus, immorality in its most perfect form, practiced on a grand scale proves to be more rewarding and personally advantageous than morality (Plato Republic, 344c). Thrasymachus further elaborates on his view that morality is simply the advantage of the stronger, while immorality is the wrongdoer attaining obedience from its subjects to do what is to his advantage (343c). Socrates refutes the notion that rulers in the strict sense aim to serve their own interest against those of its subjects, he states in reality it is the exact opposite that occurs (345a). Secondly, Socrates aims to show that it is morality that is more profitable then immorality.(352d) Socrates claims Thrasymachus view, that immorality is more effective and powerful than morality is utterly incorrect and seeks to provide the correct answer(350d). Socrates believes that morality leads to a more rewarding life while immorality leads to the opposite (352d). Personally, I oppose the view that immora lity on a grand scale is more rewarding than morality, my disagreement being based on the grounds of examining the benefits of morality against immortality. Firstly, it is important to note the context that morality is being used in. Prior dialogue has concluded that morality is the advantage of the stronger, and immorality is the advantage of oneself (Beillard, Julien. 2011). Thrasymachus takes an attack at Socrates claim that no one, any and all authority, in his capacity as a ruler commands for his own advantage, but the advantage of his subjects (342e). To counter this claim, Thrasymachus examines shepherds and cowherds and the nature of the care provided to their subjects. His view is that a shepherd considers what is good for his sheep only to the extent that it serves to his advantage (343b). It seems to show that Thrasymachus is evaluating the shepherd as an occupation for profit making where the sheep are sold. In this sense it would seem that what Thrasymachus is saying is true. However I disagree with this view, that the shepherds interest is solely his own. The shepherds interests lies within personal reasons as well as inter est of the sheep for feeding and nurturing. The herder wants to provide food for his subjects to ensure that they are as healthy as possible. He also claims that in partnerships, the moral person always lags behind the immoral person. From this he means to say that when entering into business contracts, once completed the moral person becomes worse off (a little cnfusing..at least for me )In comparison to the immoral. This argument does not seem to be true since when entering into business contracts whether temporary or permanent, the parties usually have a goal in mind. As a result of the goal being completed, the parties are satisfied and part ways. From this point of view the partners would be in the same position having attained their goal and discontinuing their partnership due to their needs equally being met. Furthermore, Thrasymachus now begins to discuss immorality. He does this by stating the benefit that immorality grants the person practicing it. The wrongdoers that poss ess the will to act immorally have their subjects act in a manner to their advantage, making him happy by doing the required task (343c). What he means by this can be shown by using slaves as examples. Considering that being forced against your will to perform a task surely satisfies the slave owners but it does not satisfy the slaves happiness in the slightest way. I feel this statement is quite accurate in regards to slavery, however examining this from a different perspective can lead to a different conclusion. When working a job that has key performance measure indicators such as a call center with 108 seconds of standard talk time, management may pressure workers to meet or beat the standard talk time in order to attain bonuses from their senior managers. A work environment that is organized around performance usually has performance prizes and recognition, although management may be acting immoral by looking out for their own interest. Workers performing to the managements adv antage are actually gaining advantage for themselves by winning prizes and earning recognition. As a result they are actually furthering their happiness. To ensure that Socrates assesses the extent to which immorality rather than morality is advantageous, he advises Socrates to look at immorality in its most perfect form (344a). With that said, Immorality in its most perfect form is where the wrongdoers life is enhanced by unprecedented measures while the lives of his victims are ruined. This is the perfect form being discussed, such as a dictatorship, which imposes ones will upon a population in a grand scale and ruin the lives of others (344a). A classic example of this would be Hitler and execution of the Jewish people in the holocaust. It was a mass execution of the Jewish branch of the population. The reason he gives this example is to show what he means by practicing immorality on a grand scale by exterminating the Jews. Hitler was able to get his way and use his army in a way that was advantageous to him. His army succumbed to his wishes as he possessed the ruling power. According to Thrasymachus, Immorality practiced on a large enough scale is more powerful and has more license and authority than morality does (344c). The reason he says immorality is looked down upon is because people fear being the victims of it, not actually committing it (344c). From this statement we conclude that Thrasymachus view is that injustice is stronger than justice. An interesting observation is that after this point, there seems to be a new context added in the meaning of morality. At first morality was defined as the advantage of the stronger, and the weak acting in the interest of the stronger. After it seems a new definition is available in the form of the strong getting the weak to do as they will (Beillard, Julien. 2011). Personally I think adding this new dimension to morality creates some confusion since he still uses the new dimension to describe immorality. Perha ps the reason he does this is because he realizes that most people would recognize acting in that manner, a form of immorality or a form of not being moral (Beillard, Julien. 2011). In conclusion of Thrasymachuss view immorality is more beneficial and rewarding in comparison to morality, this being because the immoral person has more power and is always in the better position. Socrates outright contests Thrasymachus claim that rulers act in the interest of their own while neglecting the interest of their subjects (346e). Therefore he does not agree that injustice is more profitable than justice. Earlier in the dialogue, Thrasymachus advised Socrates that he is examining rulers in the strict sense. The ruler in strict sense also means the ruler who has authority and power over its subjects of interest. This means that the rulers must be infallible, if they do commit a mistake then, in that moment they are not acting in their interest and are not the stronger party (Beillard, Julien. 2011). This deviation from rulers to strict rulers seems to be a maneuver, to rid of the possibility of Socrates attaining the upper hand in the discussion. It is sometimes true that rulers and those in powers do make mistakes and unintentionally go against their own interest. Socrates however has no problem tackling a more narrow definition, transitioning from ruler to a ruler in the strict sense. Furthermore Socrates begins to examine profession. He has an ongoing conversation with Thrasymachus which leads to the conclusion that every profession has its own particular benefit to bestow (346d). Also, examining this view of expertise in the sense of authority over its subject, seems as a plausible view due to the fact that professionals with accredited backing, usually do have authority in terms of knowledge over their patients such as Doctors. In bestowing the benefit, practitioners of that particular expertise benefit by making money by the use of moneymaking skill (346c). This seems to be a bit ambiguous, since Socrates defined in earlier sections, that making money is made from the skill of money making (346c). In order to make money, these practitioners need to use that skill or craft, so in return the practitioner are not benefiting in earning money from his practice but instead from the money making skill. This leads Socrates to point out that a pra ctitioner gains no benefit from the practice of expertise, however their subjects gain all the benefits (346e). This response from Socrates signals the disagreement with Thrasymachuss assertion that morality is the advantage of the stronger party. With that said Rulers, Socrates says consider the advantage of its subject the weaker party and not the stronger party (345e). Socrates now continues the dismantlement of Thrasymachus view, by attacking his view that perfect immorality is more profitable than perfect morality. (347e) Profitable is not meant to mean making money, it is merely meant to provide more benefit. Socrates comes to the conclusion that an immoral person sets himself up as superior to others who are like him, as well as to people that are unlike him (349c). Socrates now looks to dissect Thrasymachus view that an immoral person is clever and good while the moral person is neither clever nor good (347e). Once again Socrates turns to examining professions, he inquires about whether each professional in their branch of expertise would want to set himself up as superior to another individual with the same expertise (349b). Attaining Thrasymachuss agreement at all levels, Socrates proves that a clever and knowledgeable person such as a musician, would not want to set himself up as superior to those who are like him, rather to people who lack the expertise and are unlike him (349c). However this interesting point needs some critical examination. This point seems to be a simple assumption or hypothesis that has no backing, there is no real proof and it seems a little doubtful that an immoral person would set himself up against people who are like him as well as people who are unlike him. A doctor for example would not try to set himself apart from other doctors, but maybe those who do not possess the expertise he has. To try to out-do someone of the same profession does not seem like a plausible thing for a practitioner of a certain profession to do (Beillard, Julien. 2011). The previous view by Thrasymachus was that an immoral person was clever and good. However through conversation Socrates has now got him to agree that instead it is a moral person who resembles a clever, good person, and an immoral person who resembles a bad, ignorant person (350c). From these statements, it was agreed upon that morality is a good sta te and is knowledge, while immorality is a bad state and is ignorance. In other words, Immorality leads to no profit. Socrates now leans towards opposing the claim that immorality is more effective and more powerful than morality. To begin his argument, Socrates questions that in a community or an army of pirates and thieves; could they function as a cohesive unit if they wronged each other (351c)? Thrasymachus replies that the community could not function if they were to wrong one another, and if they did not wrong one another, the community as a whole would have a greater chance of success (351d). With this in mind, Socrates explains the reasoning why the community cannot function while acting immorally. Acting immorally causes conflict and disintegration of the community, while moral behavior creates peace and friendship (351d). This is a reasonable point, from this we can see that immoral behavior causes the collapse of the unit as a whole, while moral behavior fosters relationships and creates synergy. Therefore, The function of immorality generates hatred and dysfunction (352a), so if a partne rship were to be created between two immoral people, that relationship would cease to exist. This point shows that clearly immorality is not effective. This point of view is definitely one that I agree with, since if one has the immoral behavior causing conflict, there is no way the community will be able to complete a goal or task due to the fact that the immoral behavior of the individuals internally would cause a downfall of the task at hand. The hostility generated internally will also turn to hostility between him and moral people (352a). From this it is clear to see that moral people, good people, are more effective and therefore moral people are more capable at getting things done. As a result, The evidence starts to pile against Thrasymachus. He agrees with Socrates that the gods are moral beings (352a). This shows that an immoral person will be an enemy of gods, and a moral person will be in their favor. The reason this may be is because the gods are seen as good and moral beings, and it is known that each type of person is of the same type as people he is like.(( You need to f ix this wording) Therefore the gods are unlike the immoral people, so the immoral people would fall out of favor with god, as would the dictator Thrasymachus was describing. The reason I think this is true, is because if the gods are good as people who believe in good, believe them to be. Acting bad or being immoral would definitely make someone fall out of favor with god. (You need to fix this entire sentence. I think you just need to switch around your periods and stuff) Socrates seems to have Thrasymachus stuck, agreeing with every question Socrates poses. They come to another conclusion that immoral people would never have been effective and performed in coordination, considering that if this was the case then it would be evident that there was obviously a degree of morality in them that allowed them to reach that state (352c). Socrates through and through discovers that pe ople who are perfectly immoral are incapable of doing anything, causing them to be ineffective and proving Thrasymachus claim wrong (352b). In the beginning of the discussion, Thrasymachus advised Socrates to examine the issue while looking at perfect immorality (344a). By doing this we can see that perfect immorality would cause nothing but angst among the immoral and moral community. The moral person clearly has an advantage against an immoral person after examining these arguments. Now that all of this has been said, the last point that Socrates wants to dispute is the fact that immorality is more rewarding in comparison to morality. As described earlier, every profession has a benefit, also everything has a particular job to accomplish (Beillard, Julien. 2011). The good state of anything is what makes it possible for the job to be accomplished well. The good state of anything is the function of the eyes, the good state of the eyes meaning to have vision enables us to perform the job accordingly, whereas the bad state such as being blind would restrict the ability to perform the job well (353c). This is a notion that is correct, since everything has a function and in order to fulfill the tasks, job or duty it must be in a good state or otherwise known as in working condition or good condition. If morality is a good state, as agreed upon, then it is morality that enables one to do a good job (353e). Another example he uses is the function of the mind. With this He examines the use of authority, to exercise authority using management skills. This would be a function of the mind and only the mind. The mind as all other functions has a good state. Socrates points out the fact that the mind will never perform its function without the presence of its good state (353e). What he means by this statement, is that everything has a function, a light bulb has the function to provide light, although without the presence of its good state, being powered, the light bulb will not be able to provide its function without being in a good state. These examples lead to the conclusion that any function will be performed well with a good state, and as agreed upon morality is a good mental state and immorality a bad mental state (353e). What this example points out is that morality is more rewarding then immorality, a good mental state will lead to a good life while a bad mental state will lead to a bad life (353e). The reason for this is clear because if every p art of our body, such as ears and eyes and mouth are in a bad state, it is highly unlikely we will be able to lead a good life in comparison to someone in a good state, being a moral state. Clearly we can see that the greater reward lies within the good state of morality and not immorality. A person who lives a good life is a happy person, and a person who does not is a sad person. Evidently, a pleased(you can use this word if you want? I just think you should use a diff word other than happy since you used it before) person is a moral person who lives a good life, and a sad person is an immoral person who lives a bad life (354a). Based on this line of reasoning, the claims seem to be true. Although it is plausible for someone to be immoral and still enjoy the life they have in their own line of reasoning, in regards to this reasoning to live a rewarding and happy life one must display moral behavior. In analyzing the arguments provided by Socrates leads us to believe that morality is a virtue, a special good state as he claims, however this claim seems to be a little controversial. As we have discussed above, a wise man is knowledgeable and this is a virtue, if this wise man is skilled at some art, he will not try to beat another person with the same art expertise as him (Beillard, Julien. 2011) In conclusion, it is clear that Thrasymachus initial claim is incorrect and it is actually morality practiced on a large scale that proves rewarding and advantageous. Morality is not the advantage of the stronger or the stronger party getting the weak to succumb to their demands as Thrasymachus stated. Rulers in the strict sense, who have authority over a subordinate have interest in the weaker party (345e). Thrasymachus states that immorality is more profitable however Socrates disagrees with this view and intends to prove that the statement is incorrect. The underlying belief that morality is more powerful and effective is a belief held by Thrasymachus that Socrates seeks to disprove. The last point that Socrates wants to refute, is that immorality leads to a rewarding life. As my opinions and defense have been presented, I believe that morality leads a more prosperous and advantageous life.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Definition Of Methodology

The Definition Of Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to present the research methodology adopted in this study. It first outlines the philosophical assumptions underpinning this research, discussing the researchers constructivist approach. The next section defines the scope and rationale for the research design, and details of data analysis. It also provides an overview of the data collection methods used for this research. The chapter concludes by discussing issues of rigor and trustworthiness and ethical considerations. 3.1.1 Definition of Methodology According to Polit and Beck (2004) methodology refers to ways of obtaining, systematizing and analysing data. Creswell (2003) portrays methodology as a coherent group of methods that harmonize one another and that have the capability to fit to deliver data and findings that will reflect the research question and suits the researchers purpose. Bowling (2002) explains that methodology is the complete structure of the research study; the size and sample methods, the practices and techniques utilized to collect data and the process to analyse data. 3.2 Research Design Burns and Grove (2002) define a research design as a blueprint for conducting a study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with the validity of the findings. The overall purpose of this study is to contribute further to the role-definition process of the ambulance nurse in Malta. In order to reach the overall purpose of this study a qualitative exploratory descriptive design will be used to identify, analyse and describe factors related to the nature of interventions and care nurses deliver in the pre-hospital setting and to explore barriers and facilitating factors perceived by ambulance nurses that hinder or enhance PHC in Malta. 3.2.1 Research Philosophy The context in which research is carried out establishes were the researcher wants to go with the research and what is sought to be achieved. It is therefore imperative that the researcher is clear about the paradigm issues that guide and enlighten the research approach, as they are reflected in the methodology applied in the research and help place the research into a broader context (Thorpe Lowe, 2002). This research study is associated with the constructivism paradigm. Consequently, the researcher will discuss the ontology and epistemology in relation to this research. 3.2.1.1 Constructivism Constructivism seeks to undertake research in its natural setting; therefore, constructivism which is developed from the naturalistic philosophy disputes positivism and post-positivism views of knowledge and science (Appelton King, 2002). Thus, the aim of constructivism is to identify the diverse knowledge that people own, this is done by seeking to attain some consensus of meaning but at the same time remaining open to new explanations (Denzin Lincoln, 2003). Constructivist research, therefore, may identify a spectrum of diverse views and insights that would be overlooked within the narrow confines of conventional positivist inquiry. In view of these issues, constructivism is the most indicative research paradigm to use for this research as this philosophy will aid in exploring through description participants experiences, views and thoughts in a more humane way, by presenting ambulance nurses quotes and developing themes rather than presenting results in statistical form. 3.2.1.2 Ontology When considering a research paradigm, the researchers first requirement is to locate a position on the nature of reality (Appelton King, 2002). In the ontological theory, reality is subjective and multiple as seen by the participants in the study. Hence the researcher will use quotes and themes in words of the ambulance nurses to provide evidence on different perspectives. This is done by articulating, appreciating and making the research participants voices and concerns and practice visible. In the constructivism stance, the researcher is obliged to give a true picture of reality (Schwandt, 2001). Truth is achieved by seeking to comprehend the shared meaning and embedded meaning of both the participants and the researcher. This may be apprehended by building up a researcher-participant interaction in the natural environment rather than in a controlled environment (Denzin Lincoln, 2003). 3.2.1.3 Epistemology Conversely, in the epistemological assumption the aim of the researcher is to try and lessen the distance between what is being researched and oneself (Creswell, 2003). Within constructivism, the ontology and epistemology merge because the knower is inseparable from what may be known within the overall construct of a particular reality (Schwandt, 2001). The constructivist, ontological and epistemological positions have specific implications for me as a researcher wishing to explore these ambulance nursing issues. As a staff nurse working in another ambulance service, I acknowledge that my account of reality of PHC may serve to enhance the description of the phenomena under study. My role as a researcher is to be actively engaged with the research process. Therefore, an emic position is taken which allows me to build data, which is generated rather than collected. Within constructivism, the ontology and the epistemology approaches are interwoven and cannot be detached as with the positivist and post positivist paradigms (Appelton King, 2002). 3.2.1.4 Disadvantages of Constructivism Constructivism, whilst being an ideal paradigm for the inquiry may have its own limitations and it is central that the researcher takes these into consideration. A limitation of constructivism is that by trying to explain the phenomena, the researcher will be stuck in trying to give an infinite number of interpretations which may result in less explanatory power (Appelton King, 2002). Thus, working with the constructivism paradigm, the researcher is obliged to be conscious in seeking equilibrium between the contribution of informants and ones own to ensure an authentic account of the phenomena. Moreover, certain issues and steps in the methodology of this study were taken into consideration in order to avoid any pitfalls. 3.2.2 Qualitative Research Qualitative research refers to inductive, holistic, emic, subjective and process-oriented methods used to comprehend, interpret and describe a phenomena or setting. It is a systemic, subjective approach used to describe meaning (Burns Grove, 2003). Qualitative research is more associated with words, language and experiences rather than measurements, statistics and numerical figures. Researchers using qualitative research take a person centred and holistic perspective to understand the phenomenon, without focusing on specific concepts. The original context of the experience is unique, and rich knowledge and insight can be generated in depth to present a lively picture of participants reality and social context (Holloway, 2005). Regarding generation of knowledge, qualitative research is characterised as developmental and dynamic, and does not use formal structured instruments. In turn it involves the systemic collection and analysis of subjective narrative data in an organised and intuitive fashion to identify the characteristics and significance of human experience (Holloway, 2005). Qualitative researchers are concerned with the emic perspective to explore the ideas and perceptions of the participants. The researcher tries to examine the experience from the participants point of view in order to interpret their words. The researcher therefore becomes involved and immersed in the phenomena to become familiar with it. The immersion of the researcher helps to provide dense description from the narrative data gathered from the participants, to interpret and portray their experiences, and to generate a more comprehensive understanding. However, immersion cannot be obtained without a researcher-participant trusting relationship. The relationship is built through basic interviewing and interpersonal skills. In qualitative research, the researcher is required to be a good listener, non-judgemental, friendly, honest and flexible. Brink and Wood (1998) point out that the qualitative data collection methods are flexible and unstructured, capturing verbatim reports or obser vable characteristics and yield data that usually do not take numerical forms. 3.2.3 Qualitative Description Approach Within a qualitative framework, and an interpretive stance, this research is concerned with identifying and describing factors regarding the pre-hospital nursing care in Malta. For this study a qualitative descriptive research design will be used. Sandelowski (2000) points out that a qualitative descriptive study is seen as less interpretive than interpretive descriptive studies as they do not require researchers to move as far into their data. However, all inquiry entails description, and all description entails interpretation (Sandelowski, 2000). Although no description is free of interpretation, basic or fundamental qualitative description, as opposed to, for example, phenomenology or grounded theory description, it necessitates a kind of interpretation that is low inference, this low inference interpretation in qualitative descriptive studies entails the presentation of facts in an everyday language (Neergaard et al. 2009). 3.2.3.1 Design features of Descriptive Qualitative Research Qualitative descriptive design is a typical eclectic but reasonable design that well considers a combination of sampling, data collection, analysis, and re-presentational techniques (Neergaard et al. 2009). Sandelowski (2000) explains that qualitative description is especially amenable to obtain straight and largely unadorned answers to questions of special relevance to practitioners and policy makers. Neergaard et al. (2009) explicate that the qualitative descriptive design favours to use an interview guide somewhat more structured than other qualitative methods though it is still modified and transformed as themes emerge through analysis. They continue to explain that the strategy of content analysis is the most commonly used method of analysis in qualitative description (Neergaard et al. 2009). A straight descriptive summary is the likely outcome of qualitative descriptive studies, which should be organized in a way that best encloses the data collected (Sandelowski, 2000). 3.2.3.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Descriptive Qualitative Research All research methods have their limitations, and qualitative description is often criticized for lacking of clearness and the lack of theory based approach (Giorgi. 1992). However, this criticism is only vindicated if qualitative description is used for the wrong principles. Neergaard et al. (2009) emphasize that qualitative description should be the method of choice when a description of a phenomena is wanted. Furthermore, qualitative description has been criticized for its lack of rigor and for being flawed, when it comes to judging its credibility. However, Milne and Oberlee (2005), converse about enhancing rigor in qualitative description by focusing on strategies such as authenticity, credibility, criticality and integrity. Qualitative description may be seen as too subjective because description is always attributed to the researchers perception, inclinations, sensitivities, and sensibilities (Sandelowski, 2000). In order to reduce this, the researcher must put an emphasis in m eeting the criteria of integrity and neutrality (Milne and Oberlee, 2005). Qualitative description may be seen as a functional method when the researcher intends to focus on describing experiences of patients, relatives and health care professionals and when the researcher wants to understand their views on patient-professional interaction and the organization of the health care system (Sandelowski, 2000). Strength of qualitative description is more evident in mixed method approaches and in studies which need to develop their own questionnaire. Neergaard et al. (2009) point out that qualitative description performed prior to the development of a questionnaire or an intervention can give very significant and useful information. Qualitative description has also be an appropriate qualitative method for small interview studies were one needs to gain preliminary insight into a particular topic (Neergaard et al. 2009). Sandelowski (2000) also highlights a great advantage of the method is that it is suitable if time or resources are limited. 3.2.3.1 Rational for choosing descriptive approach According to Burns and Grove (2003) descriptive research is designed to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happens. It may also be used to justify current practices and identify factors that hinder or enhance practice as one gets a whole picture from the informants (Burns and Grove, 2003). Qualitative descriptive study is the method of choice when straight descriptions of a phenomena are desired, Sandelowski (2000) explains that qualitative description is especially useful for researchers wanting to know who, what and where of events. Qualitative description will be used in this study to describe and document the perceptions and experiences of what different skills are used while delivering PHC and when they are mostly used. The design will also be used to explore what facilitators and barriers are encountered when delivering PHC. 3.3 Population and Sample 3.3.1 Population Parahoo (2006) defines population as the total number of units from which data is collected, such as individuals, artefacts, events or organizations. Burns and Grove (2003) describe population as all the elements that meet the criteria for inclusion in a study. They continue to explain that the researcher must recognize a list of characteristics that requisite to be eligible part of the target population. The criteria for inclusion in this study were staff nurses who work in Accident and Emergency Department at Mater Dei Hospital, and have at least five years PHC experience. 3.3.2 Sample Polit and Beck (2004) define a sample as a proportion of a population The sample was chosen from the target population as defined in the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A carefully selected sample can offer data representative of the target population from which it is drawn. However, the aim of qualitative research is to raise insight into a phenomenon rather than assume representativeness. To reach the purpose of this study a purposive sampling technique will be used. Bowling (2002) explains that a purposeful sample is a deliberate and non random method, which aims to sample a group of people with a specific characteristic. The main characteristic of the selected participants in this study is being knowledgeable about the topic, because of their involvement and experience in PHC. Sandelowski (2000) explains that purposive sampling is a preferred method when using qualitative description as it is deemed information rich. 3.3.3 Sampling process The sampling process for this study was carried out in two phases, purposeful sampling for the interviews and a random selection from a group of purposeful selected participants. 3.3.3.1 Phase 1 For the first phase of data collection eight nurses were purposely selected for semi-structured interviews. Purposeful sampling methods were used based on the nurses who have special training in pre-hospital and are considered more experts in the field. This non-probability sampling technique was used since the researcher wanted to get a more in depth description of the pre-hospital nursing care offered. The researcher informed the nursing officer to distribute an invitation letter to the selected participants and those that agree to participate in the study were given a consent form. 3.3.3.2 Phase 2 The sample for second phase where the focus group was carried out was selected randomly from purposefully selected nurses who satisfied the selection criteria (5 years experience in the ambulance service), since the aim of the focus group is to identifying specific issues commonly related to nursing care in the pre-hospital setting. Ten to twelve nurses were randomly selected by the nursing officer who presented them an invitation letter with information about the study. Those who accept the invitation were asked to consent their participation in the focus group by filling out a consent form after having had their queries addressed by the researcher. 3.4 Data Collection Qualitative data collection is the precise, systemic gathering of information relevant to the research problem, using methods such as interviews, participant observations, focus group discussions, narratives and case histories (Burns and Grove, 2003). Data collection techniques in qualitative description usually include minimal to moderate structured interviews and focus group interviews (Neergaard et al. 2009). 3.4.1 Methods of Data Collection Data was collected in two phases. Phase one included data collection by means of semi-structured interviews, were the researcher interviewed nurses who are experts in the field and by the way of their clinical experience and having received specialized training in PHC. Phase two included a focus group which had the aim of identifying specific issues, and add quality to the data obtained from the interviews. The data will be presented and discussed in the results and discussion chapters respectively. 3.4.1.1 Semi Structured Interviews According to Kvale (1996), using a qualitative interview offers the researcher an opening to understand the phenomena under study from the perspective of the interviewee. In this study face to face semi-structured interviews were deemed appropriate as this method is particularly efficient in collecting data which involves opinions and perceptions. Polit and Beck (2004) converse that when performing semi structured interviews the researcher has to prepare in advance a written topic guide, which is a list questions to be covered by the respondents (Appendix 2). The interviewers function is to encourage participants to talk freely about all topics on the list, and to provide as much detail as they wish, and offer illustrations and explanations (Polit and Beck, 2004). 3.4.1.2 Advantages of interviews Among the main advantages of semi structured interviews there are the benefits of conversation that is carried out between the researcher and the informant. However, the conversations are purposeful ones that require advance thought and preparation, so the researcher must not enter into them casually. These face to face interviews can probe fully for responses and clarify ambiguities. Bowling (2002) points out advantages of interviews are that one can check misinterpretations and inconsistencies, and that interviews can provide rich quotable material which enlivens research reports. Kvale (1996), also find interviews beneficial to the participants as they can freely communicate their perceptions and experiences to the researcher. 3.4.1.3 Disadvantages of interviews Nevertheless, despite the many advantages of interviews, there are some limitations for this method of data collection, mainly the fact that interviews can be expensive and time consuming, and there is the potential of interview bias. According to Bowling (2002) techniques for reducing interview bias include good interview training and managing to establish rapport with the participants by putting them at ease, and appearing non-judgmental. 3.4.1.4 Focus Group interviews Another method of data collection used in this study is a focus group interview. Neergaard et al. (2009) recommend the use of focus groups when using qualitative description as focus group interviews seem pertinent to get a broad insight into a subject. According to Parahoo (2006), a focus group discussion is an interaction between one or more researchers and more than one participant for the purpose of collecting data. Holloway (2005) states that in focus group discussion researchers interview participants with common characteristics or experiences for the purpose of eliciting ideas, thoughts and perceptions about a specific topic or certain issues linked to the area of interest. Therefore, in this study the researcher will carry out a focus group discussion with the nurses who deliver PHC, based on findings from previous face to face interviews to elicit discussion on the objectives of the study. 3.4.1.5 Advantages of focus group interviews Focus group discussions have several advantages in obtaining qualitative data. Contrary to face to face interviews, focus group meetings are cheaper, and are quicker in obtaining valuable data (Parahoo, 2006). Bowling (2002) points out that one of the main strengths of focus group meetings is that it makes use of group dynamics which stimulates group discussion to gain insight and generate ideas in order to pursue a topic in greater depth. Parahoo (2006) also points out that participants are provided with an opportunity to reflect and react to the opinion of others with which they may disagree or of which they are unaware. Holloway (2005) also finds focus groups advantageous as they give the opportunity to the participants and researcher to ask questions and informants can build answers on others responses. 3.4.1.5 Disadvantages of focus group interviews Nonetheless, Holloway (2005) also highlights limitations of a focus group as the researcher may find difficulties in managing debate and controlling the process. A disadvantage in focus group discussion may also be due to some participants being introvert while others may dominate the discussion and influence the outcome, or perhaps even introduce bias (Holloway, 2005). Therefore, the researcher must create a good climate to stimulate all informants to participate and keep a balance between participants. Another disadvantage when using a focus group to collect data is the fact that recordings can present problems. Parahoo (2006) stress that taking notes during focus group discussions is not feasible since many people may me talking at the same time. They also point out that tape recordings may only record those that are nearer to the recording making transcription a problem. 3.5 Data Analysis Data analysis is a mechanism for reducing and organising data to produce findings that require interpretation by the researcher (Burns and Grove 2003). Field and Morse (1996) points out that data analysis can be a challenging and creative process characterized by an intimate relationship of the researcher with the participants and the data gathered. 3.5.1 The researchers role in data analysis As researcher reflexivity, bracketing and intuiting were used to lay aside preconceptions regarding the phenomenon being studied and also carried out data analysis simultaneously with data collection. The intellectual process identified by Field and Morse (1996) were followed during data analysis. These comprise of comprehension, synthesising, and theorising. The researcher synthesises the data by putting the pieces together which will enable the researcher to comprehend what is actually going on, then the researcher can prepare a detailed description of the phenomenon under study and give explanations and determine correlation with data gathered (Field and Morse 1996). 3.5.2 Content Analysis Qualitative content analysis is the analysis strategy of choice in qualitative descriptive studies (Sandelowski 2000). Qualitative content analysis is a dynamic form of analysis of verbal and visual data that is oriented towards summarizing the informational content of the data (Polit and Beck 2004). Bowling (2002) explains that with content analysis, the key themes and concepts are identified in the transcripts, and are categorised. Sandelowski (2000) explains that qualitative content analysis is a reflective and interactive process, were the researcher continuously modify their treatment of data to accommodate new data and new insights about the data gathered. Content analysis was carried out for the analysis of data from both face to face interviews and focus group discussion. 3.6 Robustness of Study Critiques of qualitative research may argue that it is impossible to ensure a positivist approach of validity and reliability in qualitative work; however, naturalistic researchers have adopted other measures to ensure rigour and trustworthiness of the qualitative study (Shenton, 2004; Silverman, 2001). In order to pursuit a rigours and trustworthy study, the constructs proposed by Lincoln and Guba (1985), will be followed. These four constructs consist of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. 3.6.1 Establishing Rigor and Trustworthiness A research studies is trustworthy when it reflects the reality and ideas of the participants. Lincoln and Guba, (1985) add that trustworthiness of research depends on the extent to which it delves into participants experiences apart from their theoretical knowledge. In this study trustworthiness was guaranteed by the researcher by putting aside preconceived ideas about the phenomenon under study and returned to the informants to ascertain that the description was a true reflection of their opinions and perceptions. According to Polit and Beck (2004) credibility is similar to internal validity in quantitative research. Adopting a well established research method is one measure that can confirm credibility and ensure internal validity of the study. Bowling (2002) recognises the importance of incorporating correct operational measures for the concepts being studied. Therefore, importance was given so that the most adaptable methodology and methods used were suitable for this study. A thick description of the phenomenon under scrutiny was conveyed in detail so the actual situation that was investigated is understood. Lincoln and Guba (1985), stress the close ties between credibility and dependability, arguing that, in practice, a demonstration of the former goes some distance in ensuring the later. Without this detailed description it will be difficult for the reader of the final account to determine the extent of credibility and dependability. Another measure to ensure credibility is that the researcher shows familiarity with the culture of the participating organisation. Since the researcher works in a similar setting and was previously employed in the department which is being studied, gives the researcher a good understanding of the culture of the participants. However, the researcher must give special attention so that professional judgements are not influenced and must acknowledge this in order to reduce researcher bias. According to Shenton (2004), random sampling is also a great way to guarantee credibility and can help to reduce the researchers bias. However, random sampling in qualitative research may not always be possible. In this study a purposive selection technique was used to give the researcher control in choosing participants with different levels of experience. Even though a purposive selection was carried out, participants had the right to withdraw from the study and they were not required to disclose an explanation. Besides being ethically correct this ensured that participants were genially willing to take part in the study and that they were prepared to offer data freely giving more credibility to the study. Lincoln and Guba (1985) consider member checks, peer scrutiny and debriefing sessions important provisions that can be made to bolster a studys credibility and reliability. The researcher checked data during collection and perform dialogues with participants. Informants were also asked to read transcripts in which they have participated for verification. The researcher carried out debriefing sessions with supervisors and was open to peer scrutiny, in order to help identify the development of new ideas and interpretations which may assist the researcher to refine the research methods and strengthen arguments brought up from data collected. These meetings also helped the researcher recognise any biases. Transferability is related to the external validity of the research project. Since qualitative assignments are specific to a small number of particular environments and individuals, it is practically impossible to demonstrate that findings are applicable to other situations (Shenton, 2004). However, in order to offer transferability of findings the researcher ensured that sufficient contextual information about the phenomenon under investigation was provided to allow readers to have a proper understanding of it. 3.7 Ethical Considerations Research has many ethical implications and participants rights, such as the right to refuse to participate to the study, right to refuse to answer certain questions, the right for confidentiality and the right for informed consent, which should at all time take precedence over research objectives (Parahoo, 2006). Therefore, throughout all the stages of research process, it was ensured that ethical principles were maintained so participants were safe guarded against harm. Participants had the right to choose not to participate and similarly the right to withdraw at any point. In this regard, participants were informed of the study in writing and were asked for their consent to participate to both the face to face interviews and the focus group. The consent letters were distributed to the nursing officer who was instructed to pass these on to the selected nurses. In the consent letter, participants were informed about the confidentiality of their responses and also that some of the responses might be quoted to add value to the presentation of results and discussion in the study. However, they were also ensured that measures were taken so that no individual respondent was identified. After completion of the study all data collected and recordings of interviews and the focus groups will be destroyed. Gathering of all relevant permission from the hospital authorities, Data Protection Officer and University Research Ethics Committee of the University of Malta to carry out this research study were sought. (Appendix)

Thursday, September 19, 2019

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

To Walk in Another Man's Shoes '' You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view''; (30). Atticus Finch, a popular lawyer, and the father of the main character in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, teaches this lesson to his children. This idea does not just apply to Maycomb County in the 1930s, but to everyone everywhere. This story takes place in Maycomb, Alabama during the great depression. Most whites are very prejudiced and don't care to hear a Negro's opinions or thoughts on anything. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee explains that a person has to try to see a situation from the other person's point of view before they make a judgement. Scout begins to realize that people's ignorance isn't always their fault. Her teacher, Miss Caroline, is new in Maycomb, and doesn't know about the families living there. Scout was very upset that she got scolded for explaining the caste system to the teacher, but then she began to understand. ''...but if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes we'd have seen it was an honest mistake on her part. We could not expect her to learn all of Maycomb's ways in one day, and we could not hold her responsible when she knew no better.'';(30). A lot of the time, people don't stop to understand a person, but are quick to make judgements. All people need to do is to try to understand why the person said what they did, try to see where he or she is coming from. Only then can mankind know what to do in a...